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Table 5 Deployment-related exposure domains surveyed by major studies of U.S. veterans of the first Gulf War

From: An assessment of survey measures used across key epidemiologic studies of United States Gulf War I Era Veterans

Exposure

Devens Cohort Study

New Orleans

VA Registry

Nat’l Health Survey

PA & HI

DoD Registry

Iowa

Seabees

OR & WA

Air Nat’l Guard

Kansas I

Kansas II

Millennium Cohort

Military Health Survey

Vaccinations

Any vaccine

X

     

X

  

X

X

X

 

X

Anthrax

X

 

X, XS

X

 

X

 

X

X

   

X

X

Typhoid

  

XS

X

   

X

      

Botulism

  

X, XS

X

 

X

 

X

X

    

X

Immune globulin

  

XS

X

   

X

     

X

Plague

  

XS

X

   

X

     

X

Meningococcus

  

XS

X

   

X

      

Medications

Malaria pills

  

XS

X

 

X

 

XS

      

Pyridostigmine bromide

X

XS

X, XS

X

 

X

X

X, XS

X

X

 

X

 

X

Ciprofloxacin & antibiotics

X

 

XS

X

   

X, XS

      

Airborne exposures

Wore chemical protective gear

X

 

XS

X

X

 

X

X

    

X

X

Petrol fuels/solvents or fumes

  

X

X

 

X

X

XS

X

    

X

Smoke, oil fires, combustion products

X

XS

X, XS

X

X

X

X

X, XS

X

X

 

X

  

Smoke from tent heaters

X

XS

X, XS

X

 

X

X

X, XS

X

    

X

Vehicle exhaust

X

XS

 

X

          

Chemical or biological warfare agents

X

XS

XS

    

XS

X

X

  

X

X

Nerve gas

  

X

X

 

X

X

       

Mustard gas

  

X

X

 

X

X

       

SCUD missile or artillery explosions nearby; debris contact

X

XS

XS

X

 

X

X

 

X

X

 

X

 

X

Burning trash or feces

X

XS

X, XS

X

  

X

 

X

   

XS

 

CARC paint

  

X

X

 

X

X

 

X

  

X

 

X

Radiation sources

Depleted uranium

  

X

X

 

X

X

XS

X

  

X

X

X

Microwaves

  

X

X

 

X

X

     

X

 

Sources of infection or contaminants

Contaminated or local food

X

 

X

X

 

X

X

X

X

X

    

Contaminated or local water

X

XS

X

X

 

X

X

X

X

X

    

Pesticides

X

XS

X

X

 

X

X

X

X

X

 

X

X

X

Live/dead animals or insects

X

 

XS

X

  

X

X

X

  

X

  

Psychological trauma

Life events

X

 

XS

X

X

 

X

 

XS

X

  

X

 

Combat-related stressors

X

X

XS

XS

 

X

X

 

XS

   

X

X

Direct combat duty

X

 

X, XS

X

X

X

X

X

 

X

 

X

X

X

Witnessed casualties

X

 

XS

X

X

X

X

X

 

X

 

X

X

X

Contact with POW

  

XS

X

  

X

X

   

X

X

X

Physical injury

X

 

XS

 

X

X

X

  

X

  

XS

X

Suffered forced sexual relations, assault, or sexual harassment

  

XS

X

  

X

 

XS

   

X

X

Behavioral risk factors

Alcohol use

X

XS

XS

X

X

 

X

X

X

X

  

X

X

Tobacco use

X

XS

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

 

X

X

X

References

[3, 25–27, 40, 134]

[3, 8, 45, 135]

[48, 51]

[10, 136, 137]

[17, 58, 59]

[30, 138–140]

[2, 38]

[12, 31]

[13, 32, 141]

[4, 33, 142]

[1]

[14]

[34, 143–145]a

[35]

  1. Abbreviations: CARC Chemical agent resistant coating, DoD Department of Defense, HI Hawaii, OR Oregon, PA Pennsylvania, POW Prisoner of war, VA Department of Veterans Affairs, WA Washington.
  2. Note: subscripted “S” designates that some data for that domain are only available for a subset of the study sample.
  3. aAdditional reference: personal communication by Dr. Nancy Crum-Cianflone of the Naval Health Research Center.
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Environmental Health

ISSN: 1476-069X