Hypospadias and maternal exposure to atrazine via drinking water in the National Birth Defects Prevention study

Table 3 Association between atrazine and hypospadias in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1998–2005

	N (cases)	IQR	Crude OR	Adjusted OR^b
State level models for estimated atrazine in water supply
Arkansas	134 (49)	0.02	1.05 (0.88, 1.26)	1.02 (0.80, 1.24)
Iowa	120 (17)	0.63	0.64 (0.28, 1.42)	0.66 (0.26, 1.67)
North Carolina	175 (49)	0.003	0.97 (0.92–1.02)	0.97 (0.88, 1.08)
Texas	109 (8)	0.13	1.09 (0.97, 1.22)	1.22 (1.01, 1.48)
State level models for estimated atrazine consumption
Arkansas	131 (49)	0.03	1.06 (0.83, 1.35)	1.40 (0.34, 5.78)
Iowa	106 (16)	0.54	0.85 (0.46, 1.57)	0.46 (0.02, 11.9)
North Carolina	171 (48)	0.05	0.50 (0.27, 0.91)	0.02 (0.00, 1.24)
Texas	105 (7)	0.09	1.07 (1.01, 1.12)	1.93 (1.02, 3.23)
Estimated atrazine in water supply across states ^a	538 (123)	0.04	0.97 (0.94, 1.00)	1. 00 (0.97, 1.03)
Estimated atrazine consumption across states ^a	513 (120)	0.05	0.99 (0.96 1.02)	1.02 (0.99, 1.05)

^aAll ORs reported for interquartile range, or an increase from the in atrazine concentration equal to the difference of the 75th and 25th percentiles
^bORs for random effects models using state as the group variable. Random effects models and models for Arkansas, Iowa, and North Carolina adjusted by private well use, residential use of filtered water, maternal age, maternal race/ethnicity, plurality, parity, maternal education, choline use, use of artificial reproductive technology, maternal diabetes, maternal high blood pressure, and maternal BMI. Models for Texas adjusted by only private well use, maternal age, maternal race/ethnicity, parity, maternal education, choline use, and maternal high blood pressure because of the small number of cases

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