Table 1 Characteristics of study population among non-smokers aged 20 years stratified by race/ethnicity
Variablesa | Non-smokers | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Non-Hispanic White | Non-Hispanic Black | Hispanic | |
Number of participantsb | 2691 (100.0%) | 959 (35.6%) | 585 (21.7%) | 767 (28.5%) |
Age (years) median (interquartile) | 37.9 (28.0, 48.2) | 40.4 (29.7, 49.8) | 35.9 (26.6, 45.6) | 33.1 (25.5, 41.8) |
Gender, men | 1221 (47.4%) | 471 (49.1%) | 273 (46.7%) | 310 (40.4%) |
Education | ||||
High school and below | 1042 (30.6%) | 259 (27.0%) | 214 (36.6%) | 495 (64.5%) |
Any college | 816 (31.6%) | 311 (32.4%) | 225 (38.5%) | 181 (23.6%) |
College graduate and above | 833 (37.8%) | 389 (40.6%) | 149 (25.5%) | 91 (11.9%) |
Poverty income ratioc, ≥1 | 2264 (88.8%) | 875 (91.2%) | 478 (81.7%) | 572 (74.6%) |
Alcohol use (drinks/day)d | ||||
Non-drinkers | 624 (24.5%) | 253 (26.4%) | 125 (21.4%) | 133 (17.3%) |
1–3 drinks/day | 751 (30.5%) | 297 (31.0%) | 178 (30.4%) | 198 (25.8%) |
≥ 4 drinks/day | 336 (14.0%) | 121 (12.6%) | 54 (9.23%) | 139 (18.1%) |
Moderate-to-intense activitye, yes | 1909 (76.6%) | 759 (79.1%) | 405 (69.2%) | 479 (62.5%) |
Calorie intake (kcal)f | 2174 (21.2) | 2210 (31.0) | 2163 (40.4) | 2145 (38.5) |
Protein intake (g)g | 86.1 (1.04) | 87.3 (1.50) | 81.3 (1.93) | 87.0 (2.02) |
Body mass index (kg/m2)h | 27.9 (0.15) | 27.7 (0.21) | 30.0 (0.30) | 29.0 (0.26) |
Body height (cm)i | 169.0 (0.24) | 171.2 (0.33) | 170.0 (0.40) | 163.2 (0.39) |
Waist circumference (cm)j | 95.1 (0.36) | 95.6 (0.52) | 97.5 (0.71) | 96.0 (0.62) |
Urinary creatinine (mg/dL)k median (interquartile) | 109.3 (55.9, 167.8) | 102.0 (50.8, 161.7) | 152.1 (99.1, 225.8) | 114.6 (66.2, 167.1) |
Serum cotinine (ng/mL)l median (interquartile) | 0.03 (0.01, 0.07) | 0.03 (0.01, 0.06) | 0.03 (0.03, 0.23) | 0.03 (0.01, 0.04) |
Serum C-reactive protein (ng/mL)m | ||||
Tertile 1 | 373 (14.8) | 136 (14.2%) | 75 (12.8%) | 91 (11.9%) |
Tertile 2 | 667 (25.8) | 281 (29.3%) | 124 (21.2%) | 202 (26.3%) |
Tertile 3 | 632 (22.3) | 230 (24.0%) | 149 (25.5%) | 216 (28.2%) |
DXA measurement | ||||
Total fat mass (kg) | 27.0 (0.27) | 27.1 (0.39) | 29.4 (0.56) | 27.2 (0.45) |
Total fat mass percent | 33.2 (0.20) | 32.8 (0.29) | 33.5 (0.41) | 34.6 (0.35) |
Trunk fat mass (kg) | 12.9 (0.15) | 13.1 (0.22) | 13.4 (0.28) | 13.4 (0.24) |
Trunk fat mass percent | 32.1 (0.21) | 31.7 (0.30) | 32.4 (0.42) | 34.0 (0.34) |
Leg fat mass (kg) | 9.72 (0.10) | 9.73 (0.14) | 11.4 (0.22) | 9.45 (0.17) |
Leg fat mass percent | 35.6 (0.24) | 35.1 (0.35) | 36.2 (0.45) | 36.8 (0.42) |
Trunk/leg fat ratio | 1.36 (0.01) | 1.37 (0.02) | 1.20 (0.02) | 1.45 (0.02) |
Total bone mineral density (g/cm2) | 1.14 (0.003) | 1.14 (0.004) | 1.20 (0.006) | 1.11 (0.004) |
Total lean mass excluding total bone mineral density (kg) | 50.8 (0.31) | 52.1 (0.45) | 54.4 (0.56) | 48.2 (0.51) |
PAHsn (geometric mean [standard error]) | ||||
1-naphthalene (ng/L) | 1254.7 (40.9) | 1173.3 (56.5) | 1954.6 (107.4) | 1188.8 (63.1) |
2-naphthalene (ng/L) | 2848.4 (80.0) | 2280.3 (93.0) | 4899.1 (218.2) | 4564.3 (211.4) |
2-fluorene (ng/L) | 176.7 (4.37) | 166.9 (6.13) | 283.4 (11.7) | 185.3 (6.83) |
3-fluorene (ng/L) | 68.7 (1.80) | 64.3 (2.50) | 122.6 (5.72) | 67.5 (2.66) |
9-fluorene (ng/L) | 236.8 (9.16) | 232.4 (13.2) | 341.4 (19.3) | 223.9 (14.8) |
1-phenanthrene (ng/L) | 112.2 (2.68) | 114.4 (4.06) | 135.6 (5.31) | 106.7 (4.06) |
2-phenanthrene (ng/L) | 52.1 (1.68) | 49.7 (2.30) | 67.4 (3.53) | 55.9 (2.75) |
3-phenanthrene (ng/L) | 75.5 (2.41) | 73.9 (3.33) | 109.4 (5.75) | 68.5 (6.84) |
4-phenanthrene (ng/L) | 21.9 (0.80) | 21.0 (1.11) | 28.1 (1.56) | 22.6 (1.44) |
1-pyrene (ng/L) | 77.7 (1.94) | 69.9 (2.60) | 103.8 (4.58) | 93.8 (3.61) |