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Table 2 Single vs. two exposure model hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for associations with mortality by cause (Model 3)

From: Association between exposure to multiple air pollutants, transportation noise and cause-specific mortality in adults in Switzerland

Outcome

Exposure

Increment

Single

Adjusted for PM2.5

Adjusted for NO2

Adjusted for BC

Adjusted for O3 warm

Adjusted for total noise

Adjusted for road traffic noise

Natural cause mortality

PM2.5

5 µg/m3

1.026 (1.015, 1.038)

-

0.992 (0.978, 1.005)

0.989 0.976, 1.002)

1.000 (0.989, 1.012)

1.012 (1.001, 1.023)

1.013 (1.001, 1.024)

NO2

10 µg/m3

1.050 (1.041, 1.059)

1.053 (1.043, 1.063)

-

1.017 (1.003, 1.032)

1.033 (1.023, 1.043)

1.029 (1.021, 1.038)

1.026 (1.017, 1.035)

BC

0.5 × 10–5/m

1.057 (1.048, 1.067)

1.062 (1.051, 1.072)

1.041 (1.026, 1.056)

-

1.040 (1.029, 1.051)

1.035 (1.026, 1.044)

1.031 (1.022, 1.041)

O3 warm

10 µg/m3

0.946 (0.939, 0.954)

0.946 (0.938, 0.955)

0.965 (0.955, 0.975)

0.969 (0.959, 0.978)

-

0.962 (0.955, 0.970)

0.963 (0.956, 0.971)

PM2.5 Cu

5 ng/m3

1.067 (1.054, 1.080)

1.064 (1.050, 1.078)

1.014 (0.996, 1.033)

0.993 (0.973, 1.014)

1.037 (1.022,1.051)

1.040 (1.028,1.053)

1.035 (1.023, 1.048)

PM2.5 Fe

100 ng/m3

1.085 (1.070, 1.100)

1.082 (1.066, 1.098)

1.041 (1.018, 1.064)

1.020 (0.994, 1.047)

1.056 (1.039,1.072)

1.052 (1.038,1.067)

1.046 (1.032, 1.061)

PM2.5 S

200 ng/m3

1.035 (1.020, 1.051)

1.027 (1.009, 1.045)

0.989 (0.972, 1.007)

0.989 (0.973, 1.005)

0.995 (0.980,1.011)

1.014 (1.000,1.028)

1.012 (0.998, 1.026)

PM2.5 Zn

10 ng/m3

1.004 (1.002, 1.006)

1.003 (1.001, 1.005)

1.001 (0.999, 1.003)

1.000 (0.998, 1.002)

1.003 (1.001,1.005)

1.003 (1.001,1.005)

1.003 (1.001, 1.005)

Total Noise

10 dB Lden

1.045 (1.040, 1.049)

1.044 (1.039, 1.048)

1.038 (1.034, 1.043)

1.037 (1.033, 1.042)

1.039 (1.035, 1.044)

-

-

Road traffic Noise

10 dB Lden

1.046 (1.042, 1.050)

1.045 (1.041, 1.050)

1.040 (1.035, 1.044)

1.039 (1.034, 1.043)

1.041 (1.037, 1.045)

-

-

CVD mortality

PM2.5

5 µg/m3

1.026 (1.008, 1.044)

-

1.011 (0.991, 1.032)

1.005 (0.986, 1.024)

1.006 (0.988, 1.026)

1.012 (0.994, 1.031)

1.013 (0.995, 1.031)

NO2

10 µg/m3

1.026 (1.014, 1.039)

1.022 (1.008, 1.036)

-

0.993 (0.971, 1.015)

1.008 (0.993, 1.023)

1.004 (0.991, 1.017)

1.001 (0.988, 1.014)

BC

0.5 × 10–5/m

1.036 (1.022, 1.051)

1.034 (1.019, 1.049)

1.043 (1.017, 1.070)

-

1.019 (1.002, 1.037)

1.014 (0.999, 1.029)

1.010 (0.995, 1.025)

O3 warm

10 µg/m3

0.958 (0.946, 0.970)

0.960 (0.947, 0.974)

0.963 (0.948, 0.979)

0.969 (0.954, 0.985)

-

0.974 (0.961, 0.987)

0.975 (0.962, 0.988)

PM2.5 Cu

5 ng/m3

1.048 (1.027, 1.069)

1.043 (1.021, 1.065)

1.042 (1.009, 1.076)

1.015 (0.979, 1.052)

1.023 (0.998,1.050)

1.023 (1.002, 1.044)

1.017 (0.996, 1.039)

PM2.5 Fe

100 ng/m3

1.045 (1.023, 1.067)

1.038 (1.016, 1.061)

1.023 (0.987, 1.059)

0.981 (0.940, 1.023)

1.016 (0.990,1.043)

1.012 (0.990, 1.035)

1.005 (0.983, 1.028)

PM2.5 S

200 ng/m3

1.018 (0.997, 1.040)

1.001 (0.976, 1.027)

0.994 (0.969, 1.020)

0.988 (0.965, 1.011)

0.983 (0.958,1.008)

0.998 (0.977, 1.020)

0.997 (0.975, 1.019)

PM2.5 Zn

10 ng/m3

1.002 (0.997, 1.006)

1.000 (0.995, 1.006)

1.000 (0.995, 1.005)

0.999 (0.993, 1.004)

1.001 (0.995,1.006)

1.001 (0.996, 1.006)

1.001 (0.996, 1.006)

Total Noise

10 dB Lden

1.041 (1.035, 1.047)

1.040 (1.034, 1.046)

1.040 (1.033, 1.047)

1.038 (1.031, 1.045)

1.037 (1.031, 1.044)

-

-

Road traffic Noise

10 dB Lden

1.043 (1.037, 1.049)

1.042 (1.036, 1.048)

1.043 (1.036, 1.049)

1.041 (1.034, 1.047)

1.041 (1.034, 1.047)

-

-

Respiratory mortality

PM2.5

5 µg/m3

0.981 (0.953, 1.010)

-

0.933 0.901, 0.966)

0.925 (0.894, 0.956)

0.949 (0.917, 0.982)

0.963 (0.934, 0.992)

0.964 (0.935, 0.993)

NO2

10 µg/m3

1.051 (1.031, 1.072)

1.079 (1.053, 1.105)

-

0.995 (0.956, 1.037)

1.036 (1.012, 1.061)

1.024 (1.003, 1.046)

1.020 (0.998, 1.042)

BC

0.5 × 10–5/m

1.067 (1.043, 1.090)

1.101 (1.073, 1.130)

1.071 (1.024, 1.121)

-

1.055 (1.025, 1.085)

1.039 (1.016, 1.064)

1.034 (1.010, 1.059)

O3 warm

10 µg/m3

0.947 (0.924, 0.971)

0.930 (0.905, 0.956)

0.968 (0.941, 0.997)

0.978 (0.948, 1.010)

-

0.969 (0.945, 0.994)

0.970 (0.946, 0.995)

PM2.5 Cu

5 ng/m3

1.056 (1.021, 1.091)

1.075 (1.037, 1.113)

0.981 (0.928, 1.038)

0.926 (0.873, 0.983)

1.024 (0.985,1.065)

1.022 (0.988, 1.057)

1.015 (0.981, 1.05)

PM2.5 Fe

100 ng/m3

1.092 (1.053, 1.133)

1.113 (1.070, 1.158)

1.058 (0.990, 1.129)

1.000 (0.927, 1.079)

1.068 (1.023,1.114)

1.052 (1.013, 1.092)

1.043 (1.004, 1.084)

PM2.5 S

200 ng/m3

1.009 (0.974, 1.045)

1.035 (0.992, 1.079)

0.951 (0.909, 0.994)

0.944 (0.904, 0.985)

0.964 (0.926,1.004)

0.982 (0.948, 1.018)

0.980 (0.946, 1.015)

PM2.5 Zn

10 ng/m3

0.999 (0.989, 1.009)

1.000 (0.990, 1.010)

0.996 (0.986, 1.006)

0.994 (0.984, 1.005)

0.998 (0.988,1.007)

0.998 (0.988, 1.008)

0.998 (0.988, 1.008)

Total Noise

10 dB Lden

1.056 (1.043, 1.069)

1.059 (1.045, 1.072)

1.050 (1.037, 1.064)

1.048 (1.034, 1.061)

1.051 (1.038, 1.065)

-

-

Road traffic Noise

10 dB Lden

1.058 (1.045, 1.071)

1.061 (1.047, 1.074)

1.053 (1.039, 1.067)

1.050 (1.036, 1.064)

1.054 (1.04, 1.067)

-

-

  1. Model 3 (main model) adjusted for age, sex, individual level variables (education level, occupational status, marital status, origin, mother tongue), and area-level SES variables (composite score, unemployment rate, low education rate, high education rate). Additionally adjusted for noted exposure
  2. “Total noise” refers to total transportation noise, i.e. the energetic sum of road traffic, railway and aircraft noise
  3. Due to the high correlation between the exposures, the following two-pollutant models are difficult to interpret: between BC and NO2; Cu and NO2; Cu and BC; Fe and NO2; Fe and BC
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