Table 7 Studies evaluating maternal education or household income as a determinant of maternal or neonatal PFAS concentrations by PFAS, study design, and findings

Education

PFAS (study design) ^a

N

Positive findings

N

Negative findings

N

Null findings

Legacy PFAS

 PFOA (C/L)

–

–

1

[78]

4

[42, 61, 81, 82]

 PFOA (C-S)

2

[87, 90]

–

–

10

[64, 66, 67, 74, 83, 86, 89, 92,93,94]

 PFOS (C/L)

1

[82]

2

[61, 78]

2

[42, 81]

 PFOS (C-S)

2

[66, 87]

3

[64, 89, 93]

6

[67, 74, 83, 86, 92, 94]

 PFNA (C/L)

2

[81, 82]

–

–

2

[42, 78]

 PFNA (C-S)

4

[66, 74, 87, 94]

–

–

5

[64, 83, 86, 89, 93]

 PFHxS (C/L)

2

[42, 82]

1

[78]

2

[61, 81]

 PFHxS (C-S)

2

[66, 90]

1

[93]

6

[74, 83, 86, 87, 89, 94]

Other PFAS

 Et-PFOSA-AcOH (C/L)

–

–

–

–

1

[78]

 Me-PFOSA-AcOH (C/L)

–

–

–

–

[42, 78]

 NMeFOSAA (C-S)

–

–

–

–

1

[74]

 PFBS (C-S)

–

–

–

–

1

[86]

 PFDeA (C/L)

1

[82]

–

–

–

–

 PFDeA (C-S)

2

[87, 90]

1

[93]

2

[74, 86]

 PFDoA (C/L)

1

[82]

–

–

–

–

 PFDoA (C-S)

–

–

–

–

2

[86, 87]

 PFHpA (C-S)

–

–

–

–

1

[86]

 PFHpS (C-S)

–

–

–

–

1

[93]

 PFOSA (C-S)

–

–

–

–

1

[86]

 PFPeA (C-S)

–

–

–

–

2

[74, 90]

 PFTrDA (C/L)

1

[82]

–

–

–

–

 PFTrDA (C-S)

1

[87]

–

–

–

–

 PFUnDA (C/L)

1

[82]

–

–

–

–

 PFUnDA (C-S)

2

[87, 90]

1

[93]

4

[64, 74, 86, 89]

 ΣPFAS (C-S)

–

–

–

–

2

[87, 90]

Household income

PFAS (study design)

N

Positive findings

N

Negative findings

N

Null findings

Legacy PFAS

 PFOA (C/L)

5

[42, 61, 62, 76, 82]

1

[78]

–

–

 PFOA (C-S)

2

[66, 87]

–

–

5

[64, 74, 86, 89, 92]

 PFOS (C/L)

6

[42, 61, 62, 76, 78, 82]

–

–

–

–

 PFOS (C-S)

–

–

–

–

7

[64, 66, 74, 86, 87, 89, 92]

 PFNA (C/L)

4

[42, 76, 78, 82]

–

–

–

–

 PFNA (C-S)

–

–

1

[87]

5

[64, 66, 74, 86, 89]

 PFHxS (C/L)

4

[42, 76, 78, 82]

–

–

2

[61, 62]

 PFHxS (C-S)

–

–

–

–

5

[66, 74, 86, 87, 89]

Other PFAS

 Et-PFOSA-AcOH (C/L)

–

–

–

–

1

[78]

 Me-PFOSA-AcOH (C/L)

–

–

–

–

2

[42, 78]

 NMeFOSAA (C-S)

–

–

–

–

1

[74]

 PFBS (C-S)

–

–

–

–

1

[86]

 PFDeA (C/L)

1

[82]

–

–

–

–

 PFDeA (C-S)

1

[87]

2

[74, 86]

 PFDoA (C/L)

–

–

–

–

1

[82]

 PFDoA (C-S)

–

–

–

–

2

[86, 87]

 PFHpA (C-S)

–

–

–

–

1

[86]

 PFOSA (C-S)

–

–

–

–

1

[86]

 PFPeA (C-S)

–

–

–

–

1

[74]

 PFTrDA (C/L)

–

–

–

–

1

[82]

 PFTrDA (C-S)

–

–

–

–

1

[87]

 PFUnDA (C/L)

–

–

–

–

1

[82]

 PFUnDA (C-S)

–

–

–

–

5

[64, 74, 86, 87, 89]

 ΣPFAS (C-S)

–

–

1

[87]

–

–