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Table 1 Characteristics of participants by HTN status

From: Association of fine particulate matter and its constituents with hypertension: the modifying effect of dietary patterns

Characteristics

HTN

Without HTN

Stage 1 HTN

Stage 2 HTN

P values

(n = 27,004)

(n = 20,497)

(n = 12,552)

(n = 14,452)

 

Age, years, mean (SD)

54.2 (12.7)

45.5 (13.8)

50.8 (12.9)

57.1 (11.7)

< 0.001

SBP, mm Hg, mean (SD)

143.1 (16.2)

116.1 (8.4)

130.8 (6.2)

153.7 (14.7)

< 0.001

DBP, mm Hg, mean (SD)

83.9 (9.6)

70.0 (6.4)

80.2 (6.2)

87.1 (10.8)

< 0.001

Air pollutants, µg/m3 (SD)

    

PM2.5

54.5 (23.1)

51.9 (22.7)

54.1 (23.1)

54.9 (23.1)

< 0.001

\({\text{SO}}_4^{2-}\)

10.0 (3.9)

9.6 (3.9)

10.0 (3.9)

10.1 (3.9)

< 0.001

\({\text{NO}}_3^{-}\)

11.1 (5.4)

10.3 (5.4)

11.0 (5.4)

11.3 (5.4)

< 0.001

\({\text{NH}}_4^{+}\)

7.7 (3.3)

7.2 (3.4)

7.6 (3.4)

7.8 (3.4)

< 0.001

BC

2.7 (0.9)

2.6 (0.9)

2.7 (0.9)

2.7 (0.9)

< 0.001

OM

13.3 (5.4)

12.7 (5.3)

13.2 (5.4)

13.4 (5.4)

< 0.001

Dietary score

     

DASH

20.0 (4.6)

20.6 (4.7)

20.2 (4.6)

19.9 (4.6)

< 0.001

AMED

24.1 (4.3)

24.2 (4.2)

24.2 (4.3)

24.0 (4.3)

0.211

Fruits

2.9 (1.4)

3.1 (1.4)

3.0 (1.4)

2.8 (1.4)

< 0.001

Vegetables

3.1 (1.4)

3.1 (1.4)

3.1 (1.4)

3.1 (1.4)

0.054

Dairy

2.3 (1.7)

2.6 (1.8)

2.3 (1.7)

2.2 (1.7)

< 0.001

Whole grains

2.8 (1.7)

2.7 (1.6)

2.7 (1.6)

2.8 (1.7)

< 0.001

Legumes and nuts

3.0 (1.4)

3.1 (1.4)

3.0 (1.4)

2.9 (1.4)

< 0.001

Red meat

3.1 (1.4)

2.9 (1.4)

3.0 (1.4)

3.2 (1.4)

< 0.001

Sodium

2.9 (1.4)

3.1 (1.4)

3.0 (1.4)

2.9 (1.4)

< 0.001

MUFA: SFA

3.1 (1.4)

2.9 (1.4)

3.0 (1.4)

3.2 (1.4)

< 0.001

Fish

2.9 (1.4)

3.1 (1.4)

3.0 (1.4)

2.8 (1.4)

< 0.001

Alcohol

3.3 (0.8)

3.3 (0.7)

3.3 (0.8)

3.3 (0.9)

< 0.001

Sex (%)

    

< 0.001

Male

14,068 (52.1)

8066 (39.4)

6630 (52.8)

7438 (51.5)

 

Female

12,936 (47.9)

12,431 (60.6)

5922 (47.2)

7014 (48.5)

 

Education level (%)

    

< 0.001

Illiteracy

7818 (29.0)

4102 (20.0)

3038 (24.2)

4780 (33.1)

 

Primary

5807 (21.5)

3786 (18.5)

2586 (20.6)

3221 (22.3)

 

Junior high

8428 (31.2)

6882 (33.6)

4240 (33.8)

4188 (29.0)

 

Senior high

3417 (12.7)

3189 (15.6)

1761 (14.0)

1656 (11.5)

 

College and higher

1534 (5.6)

2538 (12.3)

927 (7.4)

607 (4.1)

 

Marital status (%)

    

< 0.001

Married or cohabiting

25,120 (93.0)

18,735 (91.4)

11,691 (93.1)

13,429 (92.9)

 

Widowed

939 (3.5)

351 (1.7)

291 (2.3)

648 (4.5)

 

Separated or divorced

190 (0.7)

162 (0.8)

87 (0.7)

103 (0.7)

 

Never married

755 (2.8)

1249 (6.1)

483 (3.9)

272 (1.9)

 

Annual family income, CYN (%)

   

< 0.001

< 20,000

6118 (22.7)

3644 (17.8)

2503 (19.9)

3615 (25.0)

 

20,000~49,999

9394 (34.8)

6940 (33.9)

4475 (35.7)

4919 (34.0)

 

≥ 50,000

7198 (26.7)

6740 (32.9)

3677 (29.3)

3521 (24.4)

 

Unknown

4294 (15.8)

3173 (15.4)

1897 (15.1)

2397 (16.6)

 

BMI, kg/m2 (%)

    

< 0.001

18.5~23.9

11,495 (42.6)

12,030 (58.7)

5817 (46.3)

5678 (39.3)

 

< 18.5

778 (2.9)

1225 (6.0)

393 (3.1)

385 (2.7)

 

24.0~27.9

10,285 (38.1)

5852 (28.6)

4625 (36.9)

5660 (39.2)

 

≥ 28.0

4446 (16.4)

1390 (6.7)

1717 (13.7)

2729 (18.8)

 

Smoking status (%)

    

< 0.001

Never

17,154 (63.5)

14,792 (72.2)

7938 (63.2)

9216 (63.8)

 

Smoking or quit smoking

9850 (36.5)

5705 (27.8)

4614 (36.8)

5236 (36.2)

 

Passive smoking (%)

    

< 0.001

Yes

17,931 (66.4)

13,930 (68.0)

8560 (68.2)

9371 (64.8)

 

No

9073 (33.6)

6567 (32.0)

3992 (31.8)

5081 (35.2)

 

Alcohol consumption (%)

   

< 0.001

Never

16,579 (61.4)

13,600 (66.4)

7537 (60.1)

9042 (62.6)

 

≤ 3 times/ month

4306 (16.0)

4062 (19.8)

2229 (17.8)

2077 (14.4)

 

1–4 times/ week

2623 (9.7)

1591 (7.8)

1333 (10.6)

1290 (8.9)

 

≥ 5 times/ week

3496 (13.0)

1244 (6.0)

1453 (11.5)

2043 (14.1)

 

Household solid-fuel use (%)

   

< 0.001

Yes

10,637 (39.4)

6926 (33.8)

4583 (36.5)

6054 (41.9)

 

No

16,367 (60.6)

13,571 (66.2)

7969 (63.5)

8398 (58.1)

 

Physical activity (%)

    

< 0.001

Low

6439 (23.8)

4720 (23.0)

2960 (23.6)

3479 (24.1)

 

Moderate

6498 (24.1)

5364 (26.2)

3074 (24.5)

3424 (23.7)

 

High

14,067 (52.1)

10,413 (50.8)

6518 (51.9)

7549 (52.2)

 

HTN family history (%)

    

0.084

Yes

7794 (28.9)

6065 (29.6)

3670 (29.2)

4124 (28.5)

 

No

19,210 (71.1)

14,432 (70.4)

8882 (70.8)

10,328 (71.5)

 

Residence (%)

    

< 0.001

Urban

10,498 (38.9)

9064 (44.2)

5090 (40.6)

5408 (37.4)

 

Rural

16,506 (61.1)

11,433 (55.8)

7462 (59.4)

9044 (62.6)

 

Region (%)

    

< 0.001

North

4366 (16.2)

2496 (12.2)

1916 (15.3)

2450 (17.0)

 

Northeast

3060 (11.3)

1954 (9.4)

1423 (11.3)

1637 (11.3)

 

East

7305 (27.1)

5403 (26.4)

3498 (27.9)

3807 (26.3)

 

Central

3571 (13.2)

2475 (12.1)

1644 (13.1)

1927 (13.3)

 

Southwest

3408 (12.6)

3028 (14.8)

1546 (12.3)

1862 (12.9)

 

Northwest

2614 (9.7)

2484 (12.1)

1191 (9.5)

1423 (9.9)

 

South

2680 (9.9)

2657 (13.0)

1334 (10.6)

1346 (9.3)

 

Outdoor time, mins/day (%)

   

< 0.001

Quintile 1 [0,75]

5118 (19.0)

4552 (22.2)

2498 (19.9)

2620 (18.1)

 

Quintile 2 [76,142]

5136 (19.0)

4038 (19.7)

2416 (19.3)

2720 (18.8)

 

Quintile 3 [143,225]

5493 (20.3)

4090 (20.0)

2488 (19.8)

3005 (20.8)

 

Quintile 4 [226,357]

5334 (19.8)

3705 (18.1)

2380 (19.0)

2954 (20.4)

 

Quintile 5 [360,750]

5923 (21.9)

4112 (20.0)

2770 (22.0)

3153 (21.9)

 
  1. Abbreviations: HTN, hypertension; SD, standard deviation; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; PM2.5, fine particulate matter; \({\text{SO}}_4^{2-}\), sulfate; \({\text{NO}}_3^{-}\), nitrate; \({\text{NH}}_4^{+}\), ammonium; BC, black carbon; OM, organic matter; DASH, dietary approaches to stop hypertension; AMED, alternative Mediterranean diet; MUFA: SFA, the ratio of monounsaturated to saturated fatty acids; BMI, body mass index
  2. Note: Data were expressed as Mean (SD) for continuous variables and counts (%) for categorical variables. P values for the test of variance between participants with HTN and those without HTN were calculated
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Environmental Health

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