Table 1 Summary of the studies included in this review considering a prenatal exposure to PFASs. For each study, information about the name of the study, country or region, year of the first enrolment, and number of subjects included in the statistical analyses were reported. Moreover, the information about PFASs (which ones monitored, when the samples were collected, and measured concentrations) is reported, as well as which outcomes were measured and when. The main associations found are also reported; in particular, each line represents a positive or a negative association between a compound and an outcome: an up arrow before the compound and an up arrow before the outcome indicates a positive association, while an up arrow before the compound and a downward arrow before the outcome indicates a negative association. Marginally significant associations are also reported (m). Finally, in the last column, it is reported if and which estimates were included in the meta-analyses
Reference | Name of the study | Country or region | Years of first enrolment | Number of subjects | Exposure assessment in mothers | Outcomes measured in children | Significant or marginally significant associations between exposure and outcomes | Data included in the meta-analyses | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PFASs measured in blood | Sampling time | PFAS concentrations (ng/mL) | Type | Time | |||||||
Papadopoulou et al., 2021 [65] | HELIX project | UK, France, Spain, Lithuania, Norway, Greece | from 1999 to 2010, across the 6 cohorts | 1101 | PFOA, PFNA, PFUnDA, PFHxS, PFOS | From mean (SD) week 14 (4) to 39 (1) | Median PFOA: 2.22 PFNA: 0.69 PFHxS: 0.53 PFOS: 6.15 | WC | 8 years (mean; range: 6 -12 years) | ↑ PFAS mixture—↓ WC ↑ PFNA—↑ WCm | WC: PFOS, PFHxS, PFOA, PFNA (both sexes combined) |
Braun et al., 2021 [66] | HOME study | Cincinnati, Ohio (U.S) | 2003–2006 | 345 | PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFHxS | 16 weeks of gestation (n = 294, 85.2%), 26 weeks of gestation (n = 34, 9.9%), or within 24 h of delivery (n = 17, 4.2%) | Median PFOA: 5.5 PFOS: 13.8 PFNA: 0.9 PFHxS: 1.5 | BMI | at 4 weeks and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, and 12 years | ↑ PFOA—↓ BMI (infancy and early childhood) (non-monotonic) ↑ PFOA—↑ BMI (mid-childhood and adolescence) (non-monotonic) ↑ PFOS—↓ BMI (infancy, childhood, adolescence) ↑ PFHxS—↓ BMI (infancy, childhood, adolescence) | Data not used as, for the HOME study, data from Liu et al., 2020 were chosen for completeness |
Gao, et al. 2022 [67] | Shanghai Birth Cohort | Shanghai, China | 2013–2016 | 1350 | PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFUA, PFDA, PFHxS, PFBS, PFDoA, PFHpA, PFOSA | From 9 and 16 weeks of gestation | Median PFOS: 9.68 PFOA: 11.66 PFNA: 1.77 PFDA: 1.82 PFUA: 1.48 PFHxS: 0.54 PFHpA: 0.06 PFDoA: 0.15 PFBS: 0.02 PFOSA: 0.00 | WL WA | 42 days, 6 months, 12 months, 24 months | ↑ PFAS mixture—↓ WL high-rising and low rising group ↑ PFHxS—↓ WL high-rising group ↑ PFHpA—↓ WL low rising group ↑ PFOA—↑ WA low-rising group ↑ PFNA—↑ WA low-rising group ↑ PFDA—↑ WA low-rising group ↑ PFHxS—↑ WA low-rising group ↑ PFUA—↑ WA low-rising group ↑ PFAS mixture—↑ WA low-rising group | Not suitable data (WL not suitable) |
Romano et al., 2022 [68] | New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study (NHBCS) | New England | 2009–2018 | 418 | PFHxS, n-PFOS, Sm-PFOS, n-PFOA, Sb-PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, MeFOSAA, |  ~ 24–28 weeks’ gestation | Median PFOA: 1.44 PFOS: 4.00 MeFOSAA: < LOD PFDA: 0.20 PFHxS: 0.70 PFNA: 0.60 PFUnDA: < LOD | BMI | 2 weeks, 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, and 12 months | ↑ PFOA—↑ BMI at 12 months for girls and boys m ↑ PFNA—↑ BMI at 6 months for girlsm ↑ PFHxS—↑ BMI at 12 months for boysm ↑ PFOS—↑ BMI at 6 months for girls | BMI: PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFNA, PFDA, PFUA (only boys and only girls) |
Zhang, Lei, et al., 2022 [69] | LWBC | Shandong, China | 2010 – 2013 | 206 | PFOS, PFOA, PFBS, PFHxS, PFDA, PFDoA, PFHpA, PFOSA, PFNA, PFUA | within 3 days before delivery | Median PFOA: 45.14 PFOS: 4.79 PFNA: 0.84 PFDA: 0.56 PFUA: 0.50 PFHxS: 0.33 PFDoA: 0.17 PFBS: 0.19 PFOSA: 0.13 PFHpA: 0.06 | BMI WC FM/BFP WHtR | 7 years | ↑ PFHpA—↓ WC ↑ PFOSA—↓ FM/BFP ↑ PFHpA—↓ WC in boys ↑ PFHpA—↓ BMI in boys ↑ PFHpA—↓ FM in boys ↑ PFHpA—↓ WHtR in boys ↑ PFHpA—↑ BMI in girls ↑ PFOSA—↓ FM/BFP in boys ↑ PFOSA—↓ BMI in boys ↑ PFAS mixture—↓ FM/BFP ↑ PFAS mixture—↓ FM/BFP in boys ↑ PFAS mixture—↓ BMI in boys ↑ PFAS mixture—↓ WC in boys ↑ PFAS mixture—↓ WHtR in boys ↑ PFAS mixture—↑ FM in girls ↑ PFAS mixture—↑ BMI in girls ↑ PFAS mixture—↑ WC in girls ↑ PFAS mixture—↑ WHtR in girls | BMI: PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFHxS, PFDA, PFUA, PFDoA, PFBS (both sexes combined, only boys, and only girls) WC: PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFHxS, PFDA, PFUA (both sexes combined, only boys, and only girls) |
Bloom et al., 2022 [70] | Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD Fetal Growth ECHO-FGS | U.S | 2009–2013 | 803 | PFHxS, PFOS, PFOSA, PFDS, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFDoDA | 8–13 weeks gestation | Median PFHxS: 0.9 PFOS: 5.3 PFOA: 2.0 PFNA: 0.8 PFDA: 0.3 PFUnDA: 0.2 | BMI WC FM/BFP | 4–8 years | ↑ PFUnDA—↑ WC, mother without obesity ↑ PFUnDA—↑ FM/BFP, mother without obesity ↑ PFOS—↑ BFP, mother without obesity m ↑ PFDA—↑ BMI, parous mother without obesity ↑ PFDA—↑ FM/BFP, parous mother without obesity ↑ PFOS—↓ BMI, mother with obesity ↑ PFDA—↓ BMI, mother with obesity ↑ PFOS—↓ FM/BFP, mother with obesity ↑ PFNA—↓ FM/BFP, mother with obesity ↑ PFDA—↓ FM/BFP, mother with obesity | BMI: PFHxS, PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUA (both sexes combined, only boys, and only girls) WC: PFHxS, PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUA (both sexes combined, only boys, and only girls) Overweight risk: PFHxS, PFOS, PFOA, PFNA (both sexes combined) Included only data from mothers without obesity |
Martinsson et al., 2020 [71] | Southern Sweden Maternity Cohort | Malmö, Sweden | 2003–2008 | 1048 | PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, PFNA | 14 weeks of gestation | Median PFOS: 16.6 PFOA: 3.1 PFHxS: 0.7 PFNA: 0.4 | BMI | 4 years | No significant associations for the considered outcomes | Overweight risk: PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, PFNA (both sexes combined) |
Li, Liu et al., 2021 [72] | HOME Study | Cincinnati, Ohio (U.S) | 2003–2006 | 221 | PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFHxS | 16 weeks of gestation (86% of women) 26-week of gestation (9.5%) or at delivery (4.5%) | Median PFOA: 5.3 PFOS: 12.9 PFNA: 0.9 PFHxS: 1.3 | WC FM | 12 years | ↑ PFHxS—↑ WC ↑ PFOA—↑ WCm | Data not used as, for the HOME study, data from Liu et al., 2020 were chosen for completeness |
Horikoshi et al., 2021 [73] | HBC study | Hamamatsu, Japan | 2007 – 2012 | 597 | PFOS and PFOA | at birth | Mean PFOS: 1.38 PFOA: 1.39 | BMI | 1, 4, 10, 18, 24, 32, 40, 50, and 66 months | ↑ PFOS—↑ BMI increase while growing m ↑ PFOA—↑ BMI increase while growing | Not suitable data (increas of BMI SDS while growing, and not numerical data indicating needed estimates) |
Lauritzen et al., 2018 [74] | NICHD-SGA | Norway and Sweden | 1986–88 | 412 (254 Norway, 158 Sweden) | PFOA, PFOS | 17–20 weeks of gestation | Median: PFOA: 1.64 (Norwegian), 2.33 (Swedish) PFOS: 9.62 (Norwegian), 16.3 (Swedish) | BMI FM/BFP | 5 years | ↑ PFOA—↑ BMI-for-age-and-sex z-score (only in Norway) ↑ PFOA—↑ FM Triceps skinfold z-score (only in Norway) ↑ PFOA—↑ OR Overweight (only in Norway) ↑ PFOS—↑ BMI BMI-for-age-and-sex z-score (all) ↑ PFOS—↑ FM Triceps skinfold z-score (all) ↑ PFOS—↑ OR Overweight (all) | BMI: PFOA, PFOS (both sexes combined) Overweight risk: PFOA, PFOS (both sexes combined) |
Gyllenhammar et al., 2018 [75] | POPUP study | Uppsala County, Sweden | 1996–2011 | 182–193 | PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFBS, PFHxS, and PFOS | 3 weeks after delivery | Mean: PFOA 2.4 PFNA 0.46 PFDA 0.23 PFUnDA 0.19 PFBS 0.03 PFHxS 3.6 PFOS 14 | BMI | at 3, 4, and 5 years | ↑ PFOA—↑ BMI (3 and 4 years) ↑ PFNA—↑ BMI (3 and 4 years) ↑ PFHxS—↑ BMI (3 and 4 years) ↑ PFOS—↑ BMI (4 and 5 years) | BMI: PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFHxS (both sexes combined) (data asked to the author) |
Zhang, Pan, et al., 2022 [76] | Shanghai Birth Cohort | Shanghai, China | 2013–2016 | 2395 | PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFDA, PFUA, PFDoA, PFHxS, PFHpA, PFBS, PFOSA | median gestational age of 15 weeks [interquartile range (IQR): 13–17 weeks] | Median PFOA: 11.62 PFOS: 9.38 PFNA: 1.68 PFDA: 1.72 PFUA: 1.40 PFHxS: 0.53 PFDoA: 0.17 PFBS: 0.03 PFHpA: 0.05 | BMI WL | 42 days (± 2 days), 6 months (mean ± SD: 6.4 ± 0.7 months), and 12 months | ↑ PFBS—↓ WL ↑ PFBS—↓ BMI ↑ PFDoA—↑ WL ↑ PFDoA—↑ BMI | BMI: PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFDA, PFUA, PFHxS, PFDoA, PFBS (both sexes combined, only boys, and only girls) |
Starling et al., 2019 [77] | Healthy Start Study | Colorado, (U.S) | 2009–2014 | 415 | PFOSA, N-EtFOSAA, N-MeFOSAA, PFHxS, PFOA, PFOS, PFNA | 27 weeks of gestation, (median, range 20–34 weeks) | Median PFOA: 1.0 PFOS: 2.2 PFNA: 0.4 PFDA: 0.1 PFHxS: 0.7 MeFOSAA: 0.1 | WL WA FM/BFP | 5 months of age (average: 5.1 months, range: 2.8—9.4 months) | ↑ PFOA—↑ FM/BFP (males) ↑ PFNA—↑ FM/BFP (males) ↑ PFOS—↓ FM/BFP m (females) ↑ PFOS—↓ WA (females)↑ PFOS—↓ WL (females) ↑ PFHxS—↓ WA (females) ↑ PFHxS—↑ rapid growth in WL ↑ N-MeFOSAA—↑ WA (both sexes combined and females) ↑ N-MeFOSAA—↑ rapid growth in WA ↑ N-MeFOSAA—↑ rapid growth in WL | Not suitable data (WL) |
Hartman et al. 2017 [78] | ALSPAC | Avon, U.K | 1991–1992 | 359 girls | PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFNA | 15 weeks of gestation (median; interquartile range: 10 and 28 weeks) | Median: PFOA: 3.7 PFOS: 19.7 PFHxS: 1.6 PFNA: 0.5 | BMI WC FM/BFP | 9 years | ↑ PFOS—↓ BMI ↑ PFOS—↓ WC ↑ PFOA—↓ WC ↑ PFOA—↑ BFP (girls with mothers in the middle education group) ↑ PFOA—↓ BFP (girls with mothers in the highest education group) ↑ PFOS—↓ BFP(girls with mothers in the highest education group) | BMI: PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFHxS (only girls) WC: PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFHxS (only girls) |
Sevelsted et al., 2022 [79] | COPSAC2010 birth cohort | Zealand, Denmark | 2009–2011 | 675 | PFOS and PFOA | pregnancy week 24 and 1 week postpartum | Median [IQR] PFOS: 6.24 [4.96–7.73] PFOA: 1.08 [0.78–1.47] | BMI BFP | 6, 8, and 10 years | ↑ PFOS—↓ BMI at 6 years in girls ↑ PFOS—↓ BFP at 6 years in girls ↑ PFOS—↑ BMI at 6 years in boys m ↑ PFOS—↑ BFP at 6 years in boys m | BMI: PFOS, PFOA (both sexes combined) |
Shoaff et al., 2018 [80] | HOME study | Cincinnati, Ohio (U.S) | 2003–2006 | 334 | PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PHFxS | 16 (86%) and 26 weeks gestation (9%), or within 48 h from delivery (5%) | Median: PFOA: 5.5 PFOS: 14 PFNA: 0.9 PFHxS: 1.5 | BMI | 4 weeks, 1 and 2 years old | ↑ PFOA—↓ BMI ↑ PFOS—↓ BMI ↑ PFNA—↓ BMI m ↑ PFHxS—↓ BMI m | Data not used as, for the HOME study, data from Liu et al., 2020 were chosen for completeness |
Liu et al., 2020 [81] | HOME study | Cincinnati, Ohio (U.S) | 2003–2006 | 212 | PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFHxS | 16 or 26 weeks of gestation or within 48 h from delivery | Median (during pregnancy): PFOA: 5.3 PFOS: 13.3 PFNA: 0.9 PFHxS: 1.3 | BMI WC FM/BFP | 12 years | ↑ PFOA—↑ WtHr ↑ PFOA—↑ WCm (non-linear) ↑ PFOA—↑ visceral fat aream (non-linear) ↑ PFOA—↑ trunk fat percentm ↑ PFOA—↑ android fat percentm ↑ PFOA—↓ gynoid fat percentm ↑ PFOA—↑ WC in girls ↑ PFOA—↑ WtHr in girls ↑ PFOA—↑ BFP in girls ↑ PFHxS—↑ WtHr m ↑ PFHxS—↑ WC m ↑ PFHxS—↑ visceral fat area m ↑ PFHxS—↑ trunk fat percent m ↑ PFHxS—↑ android fat percent m ↑ PFHxS—↓ gynoid fat percent m ↑ PFHxS—↑ WtHr in girls ↑ PFHxS—↑ android/gynoid fat percent ratio in girls ↑ PFHxS—↑ risk of overweight/obesity | BMI: PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFHxS (both sexes combined, only boys, and only girls) WC: PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFHxS (both sexes combined, only boys, and only girls) |
Andersen et al., 2013 [82] | Danish National Birth Cohort | Denmark | 1996–2002 | 811 (BMI) 804 (WC) | PFOA, PFOS | 1st and 2nd trimesters of gestation, and at delivery | Median: PFOS: 33.8 PFOA: 5.25 | BMI WC | 7 years | ↑ PFOA—↓ BMI m ↑ PFOA—↓ WC m (in boys) ↑ PFOS—↓ BMIm ↑ PFOS—↓ WCm (in boys) | BMI: PFOA, PFOS (only boys, and only girls) WC: PFOA, PFOS (only boys, and only girls) |
Mora et al., 2017 [83] | Project Viva | Greater Boston, (U.S) | 1999–2002 | 1645 | PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFNA | 9.6 weeks of gestation (median) | Median: Children with early-childhood data PFOS: 24.8 PFOA: 5.6 PFHxS: 2.4 PFNA: 0.6 Median: Children with mid-childhood data PFOS: 24.7 PFOA: 5.6 PFHxS: 2.3 PFNA: 0.6 | BMI WC FM/BFP | 3.2 years (median; range: 2.9–6.1) for 1006 children (61%) 7.7 years (median; range: 6.6–10.9) for 876 children (53%) | ↑ PFOS—↑ BMI (early childhood) ↑ PFHxS—↑ BFP (early childhood) ↑ PFOA—↑ WC (early childhood) ↑ PFOA—↑ WC (early childhood, boys) ↑ PFOS—↑ BMI (mid-childhood, girls) ↑ PFNA—↑ BMI (mid-childhood, girls) ↑ PFHxS—↑ BFP (mid-childhood, girls) ↑ PFNA—↑ BFP (mid-childhood) ↑ PFNA—↑ BFP (mid-childhood, girls) | BMI: PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, PFNA (both sexes combined, only boys, and only girls) WC: PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, PFNA (both sexes combined, only boys, and only girls) Overweight risk: PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, PFNA (both sexes combined) |
Braun et al., 2016 [84] | HOME Study | Cincinnati, Ohio (U.S) | 2003–2006 | 204 | PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFHxS | 16 (n = 173, 87%) and 26 weeks of gestation (n = 19, 9%) and at delivery (n = 8, 4%) | Median: PFOA: 5.3 PFOS: 13 PFNA 0.9 PFHxS 1.4 | BMI WC BFP | at 8 years and at 2, 3, 4, 5 years of age | ↑ PFOA—↑ WC at 8 years (non-linear) ↑ PFOA—↑ BMI at 8 years (non-linear) ↑ PFOA—↑ BFP at 8 years (non-linear) ↑ PFOA—↑ BMI gains from 2 to 8 years | Overweight risk: PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFHxS (both sexes combined) Other data for the HOME study, taken from Liu et al., 2020 for completeness |
Marks et al., 2021 [85] | ALSPAC | United Kingdom | 1991 – 1992 | 301 | PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFNA, MeFOSAA, EtFOSAA, FOSA, PFDA | median of 15 (interquartile range (IQR): 10–28) weeks gestation | Median PFOA: 3.7 PFOS: 19.6 PFHxS: 1.6 PFNA: 0.49 FOSA: 0.20 MeFOSAA: 0.35 EtFOSAA: 0.70 PFDA: < LOD | BMI | 2, 9, and 19 months | ↑ overall endocrine disruptors—↓ BMI m | Not suitable data (data were for weight-for-age z-score) |
Jensen et al., 2020 [86] | OCC | Odense, Southern Denmark | 2010–2012 | 602 (3 months) 530 (18 months) | PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFNA, PFDA | before 16 weeks of gestation: median GA (IQR): 11.3 (9.9, 14.3) weeks | Median PFHxS: 0.30 PFOS: 8.04 PFOA: 1.62 PFNA: 0.66 PFDA: 0.26 | BMI WC FM/BFP | 3, and 18 months | ↑ PFNA—↑ BMI (3 and 18 months) ↑ PFNA—↑ BMI (in girls, 3 and 18 months) ↑ PFNA—↑ BFP (3 months) ↑ PFDA—↑ BMI (3 and 18 months) ↑ PFDA—↑ BMI m (in girls, 3 and 18 months) ↑ PFDA—↑ BFP (3 months) ↑ PFOS—↑ BMI m (3 and 18 months) | BMI: PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, PFNA, PFDA (both sexes combined, only boys, and only girls) WC: PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, PFNA, PFDA (both sexes combined, only boys, and only girls) |
Chen et al., 2019 [87] | Shanghai Prenatal Cohort | Shanghai, China | 2012–2017 | 404 | PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFHxS, PFOSA, PFDoA, PFBS, PFHpA | at birth | Median PFOS: 2.44 PFOA: 6.74 PFNA: 0.64 PFDA: 0.36 PFUA: 0.40 PFDoA: 0.09 PFHxS: 0.16 PFBS: 0.05 | BMI WC WtHr FM/BFP | 5 years | ↑ PFBS—↑ WC (girls) ↑ PFBS—↑ WtHe (girls) ↑ PFBS—↑ FM (girls) ↑ PFBS—↑ BFP (girls) ↑PFDoA—↓ WC (girls) ↑PFDoA—↓ FM (girls) ↑PFDoA—↓ BFP (girls) ↑ PFNA—↑ BFP (boys) | BMI: PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, PFNA, PFDA, PFUA, PFDoA, PFBS (both sexes combined, only boys, and only girls) WC: PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, PFNA, PFDA, PFUA (both sexes combined, only boys, and only girls) |
Chen et al., 2017 [88] | Taiwan Birth Panel Study | Taipei and New Taipei, Taiwan | 2004–2005 | 429 | PFOA, PFOS | At birth | Median PFOA: 2.6 PFOS: 7.6 | BMI | at 4, 6, 12, 24, 60, 84 and 108 months | ↑ PFOS—↓ BMI (for girls, time span from 6 to 12 months) ↑ PFOS—↓ BMI (for girls, time span from 12 to 24 months) ↑ PFOS—↑ BMI (for girls, time span from 60 to 108 months) | BMI: PFOS, PFOA (both sexes combined, only boys, and only girls) |
Andersen et al., 2010 [89] | Danish National Birth Cohort | Denmark | 1996–2002 | 1010 | PFOS, PFOA | 1st and 2nd trimesters of gestation, and at delivery | Median: PFOS 33.4 PFOA 5.21 | BMI | 5 months 12 months | ↑ PFOS—↓ BMI m (5 months) ↑ PFOS—↓ BMI (12 months) ↑ PFOA—↓ BMI m (5 months) ↑ PFOA—↓ BMI m (12 months) ↑ PFOS—↓ BMI m (5 months, boys) ↑ PFOS—↓ BMI (12 months, boys) ↑ PFOA—↓ BMI (5 months, boys) ↑ PFOA—↓ BMI (12 months, boys) | BMI: PFOS, PFOA (both sexes combined) Data separated for sexes were not included as for those data of the Danish National Birth Cohort from Andersen et al., 2013 were considered instead |
Karlsen et al., 2017 [90] | Not specified | Faroe Islands, Denmark | 2007–2009 | 444 (at 18 months) 371 (at 5 years) | PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, PFNA, PFDA | 2 weeks after delivery | Median PFOS: 8.25 PFOA: 1.40 PFHxS: 0.20 PFNA: 0.66 PFDA: 0.26 | BMI | at 18 months and 5 years | ↑ PFOS—↑ BMI (18 months) ↑ PFOS—↑ RR overweight (18 months) ↑ PFOA—↑ overweight risk (5 years) ↑ PFOA—↑ BMIm (18 months) ↑ PFHxS—↑ BMI m (18 months) ↑ PFDA—↓ overweight risk (5 years) (non-linear) ↑ PFNA—↓ overweight risk m (18 months and 5 years) (non-linear | BMI: PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, PFNA, PFDA (both sexes combined) Risk overweight: PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFNA (both sexes combined) |
Yeung et al., 2019 [91] | Upstate KIDS Study | New York State (excluding New York City), (U.S) | 2008–2010 | 2920 (1,954 singletons and 966 twins) | PFOA, PFOS | at birth in children (dried blood spot) | Mean PFOS 1.7 PFOA 1.1 | BMI | 4, 8, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 months | ↑ PFOA—↓ BMI (in singletons) ↑ PFOS—↓ BMI (in singletons) ↑ PFOA—↓ BMI (in singleton girls) ↑ PFOS—↓ BMI (in singleton girls) ↑ PFOA—↓ BMI (in singleton boys, non-linearly) ↑ PFOA—↑ BMI (in twins, non-linearly) | BMI: PFOS, PFOA (both sexes combined, only boys, and only girls) |
Manzano-Salgado et al., 2017 [92] | INMA birth cohort study | three Spanish regions: Gipuzkoa, Sabadell, and Valencia | 2003–2008 | 1154 (6 months) 1230 (4 years) 1086 (7 years) | PFHxS, PFOS, PFOA, PFNA | 1st trimester of gestation | Geometric mean: PFHxS: 0.61 PFOS: 5.80 PFOA: 2.32 PFNA: 0.66 | Weight gain from birth to 6 months BMI WC (only at 4 years for the Valencia and Sabadell subcohorts (n = 839, 68%)) | 6 months, 4, and 7 years | ↑ PFOA—↑ weight gain to 6 months (boys) ↑ PFHxS—↓ weight gain to 6 months m ↑ PFHxS—↓ BMI m (overall and boys) (at 4 and 7 years) ↑ PFHxS—↓ WC m (overall and boys) (at 4 and 7 years) ↑ PFHxS—↑ BMI m (girls) (at 4 and 7 years) ↑ PFHxS—↑ WC m (girls) (at 4 and 7 years) ↑ PFOS—↑ BMI m (overall and boys) (at 4 and 7 years) ↑ PFOA—↑ BMI m (overall and boys) (at 4 and 7 years) ↑ PFNA—↑ BMI m (overall and boys) (at 4 and 7 years) ↑ PFOS—↑ WC m (at 7 years) ↑ PFNA—↑ BMI m (at 7 years) ↑ PFNA—↑ WC m (at 7 years) | BMI: PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, PFNA (both sexes combined, only boys, and only girls) WC: PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, PFNA (both sexes combined, only boys, and only girls) Risk overweight: PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFNA (both sexes combined) |
Alkhalawi et al., 2016 [93] | Duisburg Birth Cohort Study | North Rhine–Westphalia State (Germany) | 2000–2002 | 156 | PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS | 32 weeks of gestation and at delivery | Geometric mean: PFOA: 2.43 PFOS: 9.04 PFHxS: 0.62 | Ponderal index | 4–5 weeks, 3–4 months, 6–7 months, and 12 months | ↑ PFHxS—↑ Ponderal index (at 3–4 months) | Not suitable data (ponderal index not suitable) |
Høyer et al., 2015 [94] | CLEAR and INUENDO studies | Greenland and Kharkiv (Ukraine) | 2002–2004 | 1022 | PFOA, PFOS | 24 ± 10 weeks of gestation (mean ± SD) | Median PFOA: 1.3 PFOS: 10.8 Greenland: PFOA: 1.8 PFOS: 20.2 Ukraine: PFOA 1.0 PFOS 5.0 | BMI WHtR | between 5 and 9 years old | ↑ PFOA—↑ WtHe m ↑ PFOS—↑ WtHe ↑ PFOA—↑ overweight (girls, Greenland) ↑ PFOS—↑ WtHe (girls, ↑ PFOA—↑ BMI (Ukraine) ↑ PFOA—↑ WtHr (girls, Greenland) | BMI: PFOS, PFOA Greenland and Ukraine separated (both sexes combined) Overweight risk: PFOA, PFOS (both sexes combined) |
Cai et al., 2023 [95] | FLEHS | Belgium | 2002–2004 and 2008–2009 | 346 | PFOA, PFOS | Right after birth | Median PFOA: 1.5 PFOS: 2.7 | BMI | 4–8 years | No significant associations for the considered outcomes | Not suitable data (BMI change not suitable) |
Vrijheid et al., 2020 [64] | HELIX | Europe | 2013 – 2016 | 1301 | PFOA, PFNA, PFUnDA, PFHxS, PFOS | During pregnancy | Inter Quartile Ranges PFOA: 2.0 PFNA: 0.66 PFUnDA: 0.18 PFHxS: 0.6 PFOS: 5.5 | BMI WC FM/BFP | 6–11 years | No significant associations for the considered outcomes | BMI: PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, PFNA, PFUA (both sexes combined) (mean concentrations of PFASs asked to the authors) |