Fig. 1

Multivariable linear models examining PFAS in relation to gestational weight gain in the UPSIDE cohort†

BMI: Body Mass Index; PFAS: per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances, PFDA: perfluorodecanoic acid; PFHxS: perfluorohexanesulfonic acid, PFNA: perfluorononanoic acid; PFOA: perfluorooctanoic acid; PFOS: perfluorooctanesulfonic acid. † The unit for PFAS concentrations is log(ng/ml) and weight gain is in kilograms. Fully adjusted models included PFAS serum weeks, smoking, parity, maternal age, education, race/ethnicity. Models considering the whole cohort include early pregnancy BMI. In addition, models examining 2^nd and 3^rd trimester weight gain, mid/late (2^nd + 3^rd trimester) and total GWG included mid-late pregnancy kcal/day and METs/week. Models examining total GWG additionally included gestational age at delivery. In models considering all participants, the n is 243. In stratified analysis, the groups are lower BMI (< 25 kg/m²; n = 114) and higher BMI (> = 25 kg/m²: n = 129)