Table 5 Neuropsychological measures by toxicant exposure in all GW veterans controlling for age, gender, years of education, site and other exposures

Chemical Weapons (sarin/cyclosarin)

Attention/processing speed

CPT 3 Omissions

48.03

48.59

0.57

0.604

CPT 3 Commissions

50.30

48.41

-1.89

0.092

CPT 3 Hit Reaction Time Raw Score

420.24

434.92

14.68

0.111

D-KEFS trial 1 time (sec)

31.17

31.11

-0.05

0.948

D-KEFS trial 1 self-corrected errors

0.31

0.37

0.06

0.384

D-KEFS trial 2 time (sec)

23.10

22.44

-0.66

0.251

D-KEFS trial 2 self-corrected errors

0.14

0.18

0.04

0.458

TMT Trail A: Time (sec)

26.80

25.91

-0.90

0.562

Verbal Memory

CVLT-II Correct in Trials 1–5

47.83

49.06

1.23

0.247

CVLT-II Correct in short delay free recall

10.04

10.19

0.15

0.659

CVLT-II Correct in long delay free recall

10.14

10.76

0.62

0.083

Executive Functioning

D-KEFS trial 3 time (sec)

61.17

57.96

-3.21

0.053

D-KEFS trial 3 self-corrected errors

0.77

0.65

-0.12

0.390

D-KEFS trial 4 time (sec)

65.78

62.92

-2.86

0.152

D-KEFS trail 4 self-corrected errors

0.95

0.94

-0.01

0.915

TMT Trail B: Time (sec)*

72.72

59.14

-13.60

0.009

 N = 229

 N = 137

Smoke from oil well fires

Attention/processing speed

CPT3 Omissions

48.81

47.80

-1.01

0.348

CPT3 Commissions

49.99

48.72

-1.27

0.250

CPT3 Hit Reaction Time Raw Score

429.33

425.83

-3.49

0.700

D-KEFS trial 1 time (sec)

31.73

30.55

-1.18

0.140

D-KEFS trial 1 self-corrected errors

0.36

0.33

-0.03

0.642

D-KEFS trial 2 time (sec)*

23.40

22.14

-1.27

0.028

D-KEFS trial 2 self-corrected errors

0.18

0.14

-0.04

0.473

TMT Trail A: Time (sec)

26.64

26.07

-0.57

0.704

Verbal Memory

CVLT-II Correct in Trials 1–5

47.49

49.41

1.92

0.072

CVLT-II Correct in short delay recall*

9.64

10.58

0.94

0.005

CVLT-II Correct in long delay recall*

10.10

10.81

0.71

0.049

Executive Functioning

D-KEFS trial 3 time (sec)

60.42

58.70

-1.72

0.301

D-KEFS trial 3 self-corrected errors

0.77

0.65

-0.12

0.481

D-KEFS trial 4 time (sec)

65.54

63.16

-2.39

0.234

D-KEFS trail 4 self-corrected errors

1.04

0.85

-0.19

0.107

TMT Trail B: Time (sec)

64.12

67.74

3.62

0.465

 N = 150

 N = 216

Pesticide cream or spray on skin (DEET)

Attention/processing speed

CPT3 Omissions

48.43

48.19

-0.23

0.834

CPT3 Commissions

48.78

49.93

1.15

0.317

CPT3 Hit Reaction Time Raw Score

432.61

422.55

-10.1

0.286

D-KEFS trial 1 time (sec)

31.58

30.71

-0.87

0.297

D-KEFS trial 1 self-corrected errors

0.38

0.30

-0.08

0.262

D-KEFS trial 2 time (sec)

22.76

22.78

0.02

0.977

D-KEFS trial 2 self-corrected errors

0.12

0.20

0.08

0.122

TMT Trail A: Time (sec)

27.22

25.49

-1.74

0.276

Verbal Memory

CVLT-II Correct in Trials 1–5

47.83

49.07

1.24

0.260

CVLT-II Correct in short delay recall

9.89

10.34

0.46

0.189

CVLT-II Correct in long delay recall

10.41

10.49

0.08

0.830

Executive Functioning

D-KEFS trial 3 time (sec)

59.71

59.41

-0.30

0.192

D-KEFS trial 3 self-corrected errors

0.68

0.74

0.06

0.670

D-KEFS trial 4 time (sec)

63.66

65.04

1.38

0.507

D-KEFS trail 4 self-corrected errors

0.88

1.01

0.13

0.276

TMT Trail B: Time (sec)

69.06

62.80

-6.25

0.240

 N = 68

 N = 298

Pesticide fog (organophosphate/ carbamate)

Attention/processing speed

CPT3 Omissions

49.00

47.62

-1.38

0.310

CPT3 Commissions

49.39

49.32

-0.07

0.962

CPT3 Hit Reaction Time Raw Score

430.57

424.59

-5.97

0.601

D-KEFS trial 1 time (sec)*

32.15

30.13

-2.02

0.046

D-KEFS trial 1 self-corrected errors

0.39

0.29

-0.10

0.279

D-KEFS trial 2 time (sec)

23.06

22.45

-0.65

0.375

D-KEFS trial 2 self-corrected errors

0.13

0.19

0.05

0.409

TMT Trail A: Time (sec)

27.34

25.38

-1.96

0.375

Verbal Memory

CVLT-II Correct in Trials 1–5

47.93

48.96

1.03

0.443

CVLT-II Correct in short delay recall

10.02

10.20

0.18

0.671

CVLT-II Correct in long delay recall

10.36

10.55

0.18

0.683

Executive Functioning

D-KEFS trial 3 time (sec)

60.68

58.44

-2.25

0.283

D-KEFS trial 3 self-corrected errors

0.72

0.70

-0.02

0.924

D-KEFS trial 4 time (sec)

65.36

63.34

-2.02

0.423

D-KEFS trial 4 self-corrected errors *

1.14

0.75

-0.39

0.008

TMT Trail B: Time (sec)

66.51

65.35

-1.15

0.875

 N = 184

 N = 182

PB Pills

Attention/processing speed

CPT3 Omissions

48.36

48.26

-0.11

0.921

CPT3 Commissions

48.88

49.83

0.95

0.390

CPT3 Hit Reaction time raw score

428.62

426.54

-2.08

0.819

D-KEFS trial 1 time (sec)

31.21

31.07

-0.14

0.858

D-KEFS trial 1 self-corrected errors*

0.42

0.27

-0.15

0.036

D-KEFS trial 2 time (sec)

22.73

22.81

0.08

0.889

D-KEFS trial 2 self-corrected errors

0.19

0.13

-0.07

0.187

TMT Trail A: Time (sec)

25.64

27.08

1.44

0.350

Verbal Memory

CVLT-II Correct in Trials 1–5*

49.69

47.21

-2.47

0.023

CVLT-II Correct in short delay recall*

10.58

9.65

-0.92

0.006

CVLT-II Correct in long delay recall*

10.97

9.94

-1.03

0.004

Executive Functioning

D-KEFS trial 3 time (sec)

59.55

59.57

0.02

0.992

D-KEFS trial 3 self-corrected errors

0.72

0.69

-0.03

0.845

D-KEFS trial 4 time (sec)

63.97

64.73

0.705

0.442

D-KEFS trail 4 self-corrected errors

0.95

0.94

-0.01

0.909

TMT Trail B: Time (sec)

62.78

69.08

6.30

0.217