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Table 2 Prenatal and Early Childhood Exposure to Tetrachloroethylene and Selected1 Risky Behaviors

From: Affinity for risky behaviors following prenatal and early childhood exposure to tetrachloroethylene (PCE)-contaminated drinking water: a retrospective cohort study

Outcome

Exposure

Category/

Percentile

% Yes (n/N)

Crude

RR (95% CI)

Simple GEE

RR (95% CI)

Ever smoked regularly vs. Never smoked regularly2

Any

36.9 (303/821)

1.0 (0.9-1.2)

1.0 (0.9-1.2)

 

> = 67th

45.0 (122/271)

1.3 (1.1-1.5)

1.2 (1.0-1.5)

 

33rd- < 67th

29.1 (81/278)

0.8 (0.7-1.0)

0.8 (0.7-1.0)

 

> 0- < 33rd

36.8 (100/272)

1.0 (0.9-1.3)

1.0 (0.9-1.3)

 

None

35.2 (191/543)

Reference

Reference

Smoked 20+ cigarettes a day vs. Never smoked regularly3

Any

12.6 (75/593)

1.1 (0.8-1.5)

1.1 (0.8-1.5)

 

> = 67th

15.8 (28/177)

1.3 (0.9-2.0)

1.3 (0.9-2.0)

 

33rd- < 67th

12.1 (27/224)

1.0 (0.6-1.6)

1.0 (0.7-1.6)

 

> 0-< 33rd

10.4 (20/192)

0.9 (0.5-1.4)

0.9 (0.5-1.4)

 

None

12.0 (48/400)

Reference

Reference

First drank at < = 13 years vs. 14+ years4

Any

19.6 (159/811)

1.1 (0.8-1.3)

1.1 (0.8-1.3)

 

> 67th

21.9 (59/269)

1.2 (0.9-1.6)

1.2 (0.9-1.6)

 

33rd- < 67th

18.4 (51/277)

1.0 (0.7-1.3)

1.0 (0.7-1.4)

 

> 0-< 33rd

18.5 (49/265)

1.0 (0.7-1.4)

1.0 (0.7-1.4)

 

None

18.6 (98/528)

Reference

Reference

Drank > 8 days/mo as teen vs. Never drank as a teen5

Any

26.2 (68/260)

1.1 (0.8-1.5)

1.1 (0.8-1.5)

 

> 67th

38.8 (33/85)

1.6 (1.1-2.4)

1.6 (1.1-2.3)

 

33rd - < 67th

19.8 (18/91)

0.8 (0.4-1.5)

0.8 (0.5-1.3)

 

> 0-< 33rd

20.2 (17/84)

0.9 (0.5-1.4)

0.8 (0.5-1.4)

 

None

23.7 (42/177)

Reference

Reference

Drank > = 5/4 drinks/drinking day in past 30 days

Any

47.2 (133/282)

1.1 (0.9-1.3)

1.1 (0.9-1.3)

vs. Did not drink in past 30 days6

> 67th

57.6 (53/92)

1.3 (1.0-1.7)

1.3 (1.0-1.7)

 

33rd - < 67th

41.4 (36/87)

1.0 ((0.7-1.3)

0.9 (0.7-1.3)

 

> 0-< 33rd

42.7 (44/103)

1.0 (0.7-1.3)

1.0 (0.7-1.3)

 

None

43.5 (83/191)

Reference

Reference

2+ Major drugs as a teen vs. Never used any drugs7,8

Any

35.7 (124/347)

1.4 (1.0-1.8)

1.4 (1.0-1.8)

 

> 67th

43.3 (45/104)

1.6 (1.2-2.2)

1.6 (1.2-2.2)

 

33rd - < 67th

30.8 (40/130)

1.2 (0.8-1.6)

1.2 (0.8-1.6)

 

> 0-< 33rd

34.5 (39/113)

1.3 (0.9-1.8)

1.3 (0.9-1.8)

 

None

26.5 (59/223)

Reference

Reference

Crack/cocaine as a teen vs. Never used any drugs 7,9

Any

29.2 (92/315)

1.6 (1.1-2.2)

1.6 (1.1-2.2)

 

> 67th

38.5 (37/96)

2.1 (1.4-3.1)

2.1 (1.4-3.0)

 

33rd - < 67th

22.4 (26/116)

1.2 (0.8-1.9)

1.2 (0.8-1.9)

 

> 0-< 33rd

28.2 (29/103)

1.5 (1.0-2.3)

1.5 (0.9-2.3)

 

None

18.4 (37/201)

Reference

Reference

Psychedelics/Hallucinogens as a teen vs. Never used any drugs7,9

Any

41.8 (160/383)

1.2 (1.0-.1.5)

1.2 (1.0-1.5)

 

> 67th

47.3 (53/112)

1.4 (1.1-1.8)

1.4 (1.1-1.8)

 

33rd - < 67th

36.6 (52/142)

1.1 (0.8-1.4)

1.1 (0.8-1.4)

 

0-< 33rd

42.6 (55/129)

1.2 (1.0-1.6)

1.3 (1.0-1.6)

 

None

34.1 (85/249)

Reference

Reference

Club/Designer Drugs as a teen vs. Never used any drugs7,9

Any

27.8 (86/309)

1.4 (1.0-2.0)

1.5 (1.0-2.1)

 

> 67th

39.8 (39/98)

2.1 (1.4-3.0)

2.1 (1.5-3.1)

 

33rd - < 67th

16.7 (18/108)

0.9 (0.5-1.4)

0.9 (0.5-1.5)

 

> 0-< 33rd

28.2 (29/103)

1.5 (1.0-2.2)

1.5 (0.9-2.3)

 

None

19.2 (39/203)

Reference

Reference

Ritalin without a prescription as teen vs. Never used any drugs7,9

Any

23.6 (69/292)

1.5 (1.0-2.3)

1.5 (1.0-2.2)

 

> 67th

33.7 (30/89)

2.2 (1.4-3.4)

2.1 (1.4-3.3)

 

33rd - < 67th

16.7 (18/108)

1.1 (0.6-1.8)

1.1 (0.6-1.8)

 

> 0-< 33rd

22.1 (21/95)

1.4 (0.9-2.4)

1.3 (0.8-2.2)

 

None

15.5 (30/194)

Reference

Reference

2+ Major drugs as an adult vs. Never used any drugs7,10

Any

44.5 (179/402)

1.3 (1.0-1.6)

1.3 (1.0-1.6)

 

> 67th

53.9 (69/128)

1.6 (1.2-2.0)

1.5 (1.2-1.9)

 

33rd - < 67th

37.1 (53/143)

1.1 (0.8-1.4)

1.1 (0.8-1.4)

 

> 0-< 33rd

43.5 (57/131)

1.3 (1.0-1.6)

1.2 (1.0-1.6)

 

None

34.7 (87/251)

Reference

Reference

Crack/cocaine as an adult vs. Never used any drugs 7,11

Any

43.5 (172/395)

1.2 (1.0-1.5)

1.2 (1.0-1.5)

 

> 67th

53.2 (67/126)

1.5 (1.2-1.9)

1.4 (1.1-1.8)

 

33rd - < 67th

34.3 (47/137)

0.9 (0.7-1.3)

0.9 (0.7-1.2)

 

> 0-< 33rd

43.9 (58/132)

1.2 (0.9-1.6)

1.2 (0.9-1.6)

 

None

36.2 (93/257)

Reference

Reference

Psychedelics/Hallucinogens as an adult vs. Never used any drugs7,11

Any

42.1 (162/385)

1.2 (1.0-1.5)

1.2 (1.0-1.5)

 

> 67th

48.7 (56/115)

1.4 (1.1-1.8)

1.4 (1.1-1.8)

 

33rd - < 67th

33.8 (46/136)

1.0 (0.7-1.3)

1.0 (0.7-1.3)

 

0-< 33rd

44.8 (60/134)

1.3 (1.0-1.7)

1.3 (1.0-1.7)

 

None

34.7 (87/251)

Reference

Reference

Club/Designer Drugs as an adult vs. Never used any drugs7,11

Any

45.1 (183/406)

1.3 (1.1-1.6)

1.3 (1.1-1.6)

 

> 67th

52.0 (64/123)

1.5 (1.2-1.9)

1.5 (1.2-1.9)

 

33rd - < 67th

38.8 (57/147)

1.1 (0.9-1.5)

1.1 (0.9-1.5)

 

> 0-< 33rd

45.6 (62/136)

1.3 (1.0-1.7)

1.3 (1.0-1.7)

 

None

34.4 (86/250)

Reference

Reference

Ritalin without a prescription as an adult vs. Never used any drugs7,11

Any

28.5 (89/312)

1.4 (1.0-2.0)

1.4 (1.0-2.0)

 

> 67th

38.5 (37/96)

1.9 (1.3-2.8)

1.9 (1.3-2.8)

 

33rd - < 67th

19.6 (22/112)

1.0 (0.6-1.6)

1.0 (0.6-1.5)

 

> 0-< 33rd

28.8 (30/104)

1.4 (1.0-2.2)

1.4 (0.9-2.1)

 

None

20.0 (41/205)

Reference

Reference

Heroin as an adult vs. Never used any drugs7,11

Any

9.0 (22/245)

1.3 (0.7-2.6)

1.3 (0.7-2.6)

 

> 67th

11.9 (8/67)

1.8 (0.7-4.1)

1.7 (0.7-4.1)

 

33rd - < 67th

5.3 (5/95)

0.8 (0.3-2.1)

0.8 (0.3-2.1)

 

> 0-< 33rd

10.8 (9/83)

1.6 (0.7-3.6)

1.6 (0.7-3.6)

 

None

6.8 (12/176)

Reference

Reference

  1. 1 Table includes key findings with more than five subjects in the referent group
  2. 2 Comparison excludes subjects who smoked 100+ cigarettes but never became regular smokers
  3. 3 Comparison excludes subjects who smoked < 20 cigarettes a day
  4. 4 Comparison excludes subjects who never drank as a teen
  5. 5 Comparison excludes subjects who drank < = 8 days/month as a teen
  6. 6 Comparison excludes subjects who drank < 5/4 drinks/drinking day in past 30 days
  7. 7 Referent group is comprised of subjects who never used drugs as a teen or an adult
  8. 8 Comparison excludes subjects who used only marijuana or one major drug as a teen
  9. 9 Comparison excludes subjects who used any other type of drug as a teen
  10. 10 Comparison excludes subjects who used only marijuana or one major drug as an adult
  11. 11 Comparison excludes subjects who used any other type of drug as an adult