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Table 2 Hazard ratios (HR) for hypospadias and cryptorchidism in boys according to prenatal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals conferred by parental occupational exposure (n = 45,341).

From: Parental occupational exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals and male genital malformations: A study in the danish national birth cohort study

 

EDCs

occupational

exposures

Mother's

occupational

exposure

Father's

occupational

exposure

  

Study

population

(n = 45341)

(%)

Hypospadias

(n = 262)

Cryptorchidism

(n = 1002)

Study

population

(n = 45341)

(%)

Hypospadias

(n = 262)

Cryptorchidism

(n = 1002)

   

N

(CIP)

HRc

HRa

(95% CI)

N

(CIP)

HRc

HRa

(95% CI)

 

N

(CIP)

HRc

HRa

(95% CI)

N

(CIP)

HRc

HRa

(95% CI)

EDC

exposure

Unlikely

42474

(93.7)

876

(2.1)

1.0

1.0

876

(2.1)

1.0

1.0

38726

(85.4)

209

(0.5)

1.0

1.0

799

(2.1)

1.0

1.0

 

Possible

277

(0.6)

7

(2.5)

2.4

2.6*

(1.8-3.4)

7

(2.5)

1.2

1.6

(0.4-2.8)

410

(0.9)

-

-

-

7

(1.7)

0.9

0.8

(0.4-1.2)

 

Probable

2590

(5.7)

46

(1.8)

1.4

1.8*

(1.0-2.6)

46

(1.8)

0.9

0.8

(0.4-1.2)

6205

(13.7)

35

(0.6)

1.0

1.3

(0.7-1.9)

123

(2.0)

1.0

1.0

(0.8-1.4)

Pesticides

Unlikely

45030

(99.3)

242

(0.5)

1.0

1.0

927

(2.1)

1.0

1.0

41922

(92.5)

227

(0.5)

1.0

1.0

867

(2.1)

1.0

1.0

 

Possible

62

(0.1)

1

(1.6)

3.0

1.2

(0.2-2.2)

-

-

-

1943

(4.3)

9

(0.5)

1.0

0.9

(0.3-1.5)

40

(2.1)

1.0

1.0

(0.7-1.3)

 

Probable

249

(0.5)

1

(0.4)

0.8

1.1

(0.9-1.3)

2

(0.8)

0.6

0.5

(0.1-0.9)

1476

(3.3)

8

(0.5)

0.9

1.6

(0.8-2.4)

22

(1.5)

0.7

0.5

(0.3-0.7)

Organochlorine

compounds

Unlikely

45104

(99.5)

243

(0.5)

1.0

1.0

923

(2.0)

1.0

1.0

43507

(96.0)

236

(0.5)

1.0

1.0

889

(2.0)

1.0

1.0

 

Possible

214

(0.5)

1

(0.5)

0.9

1.6

(0.3-2.9)

6

(2.8)

1.2

0.7

(0.2-1.2)

782

(1.7)

4

(0.5)

1.0

1.2

(0.4-2.0)

19

(2.4)

1.2

0.9

(0.3-1.5)

 

Probable

23

(0.1)

-

-

-

-

-

-

1052

(2.3)

4

(0.4)

0.7

1.1

(0.4-1.8)

21

(2.0)

1.0

1.0

(0.6-1.4)

Phthalate

esters

Unlikely

43900

(96.8)

227

(0.5)

1.0

1.0

899

(2.0)

1.0

1.0

41150

(90.8)

223

(0.5)

1.0

1.0

842

(2.0)

1.0

1.0

 

Possible

713

(1.6)

9

(1.3)

1.9

2.4*

(1.0-3.8)

19

(2.7)

0.7

1.1

(0.5-1.7)

525

(1.2)

2

(0.4)

1.0

0.9

(0.2-1.6)

9

(1.7)

0.8

0.2

(0.1-0.3)

 

Probable

728

(1.6)

8

(1.1)

2.0

2.3

(0.9-3.7)

11

(1.5)

1.0

1.0

(0.4-1.6)

3666

(8.1)

19

(0.5)

0.7

1.7

(0.9-2.5)

78

(2.1)

1.0

1.1

(0.6-1.6)

Alkyl

phenols

Unlikely

43732

(96.5)

228

(0.5)

1.0

1.0

899

(2.1)

1.0

1.0

42959

(99.7)

228

(0.5)

1.0

1.0

894

(2.1)

1.0

1.0

 

Possible

728

(1.6)

7

(1.0)

1.8

2.3

(0.9-3.7)

11

(1.5)

0.7

1.3

(0.4-2.2)

696

(1.5)

4

(0.6)

1.1

-

12

(1.7)

0.8

1.0

(0.5-1.5)

 

Probable

881

(1.9)

9

(1.0)

2.0

2.3

(1.0-3.6)

19

(2.2)

1.0

1.1

(0.4-1.8)

1686

(3.7)

12

(0.7)

1.4

0.7

(0.3-1.1)

23

(1.4)

0.7

0.6

(0.3-0.9)

Bis-phenols

Unlikely

44371

(97.9)

237

(0.5)

1.0

1.0

912

(2.1)

1.0

1.0

44826

(98.9)

239

(0.5)

1.0

1.0

916

(2.0)

1.0

1.0

 

Possible

147

(0.3)

-

-

-

4

(2.7)

1.3

1.9

(0.6-3.2)

297

(0.7)

4

(1.3)

2.5

1.0

(0.2-1.8)

4

(1.3)

0.7

1.2

(0.5-1.9)

 

Probable

823

(1.8)

7

(0.9)

1.6

0.8

(0.2-1.4)

13

(1.6)

0.8

1.0

(0.4-1.6)

218

(0.5)

1

(0.5)

0.9

1.8

(0.8-2.8)

9

(4.1)

2.0*

1.8

(0.6-3.0)

Heavy

metals

Unlikely

44725

(98.6)

240

(0.5)

1.0

1.0

917

(2.1)

1.0

1.0

44115

(97.3)

235

(0.5)

1.0

1.0

904

(2.0)

1.0

1.0

 

Possible

220

(0.5)

1

(0.5)

0.8

2.2

(0.7-3.7)

6

(2.7)

1.4

1.0

(0.4-1.6)

440

(1.0)

5

(1.1)

2.2

2.2*

(1.0-3.4)

6

(1.4)

0.7

1.2

(0.5-1.9)

 

Probable

396

(0.9)

3

(0.8)

1.4

1.2

(0.4-2.0)

6

(1.5)

0.7

1.0

(0.3-1.7)

786

(1.7)

4

(0.5)

1.0

0.7

(0.2-1.2)

19

(2.4)

1.2

1.9*

(1.1-2.7)

Other

compounds

Unlikely

44667

(98.5)

236

(0.5)

1.0

1.0

921

(2.1)

1.0

1.0

43828

(96.7)

236

(0.5)

1.0

1.0

907

(2.1)

1.0

1.0

 

Possible

674

(1.5)

8

(1.2)

2.2

2.8*

(1.3-4.3)

8

(1.2)

0.6

1.0

(0.3-1.7)

1513

(3.3)

8

(0.5)

1.0

1.6

(0.8-2.4)

22

(1.5)

0.7

0.6

(0.3-0.9)

  1. The Danish National Birth Cohort (1997-2009).
  2. CIP = Cumulative Incidence Proportion per 100 boys.
  3. CI = Confidence Interval.
  4. HRa Hazard Ratio adjusted by age of the mother and the father; mothers' pre-pregnancy body mass index (kg/m2); earlier spontaneous abortion; parity; birth weight of boys; gestational age; oral contraceptives used; treatment of infertility; time taken to conceive; mother's alcohol consumption during pregnancy; binge drinking; maternal smoking during pregnancy; paternal smoking; gynecological disease; maternal vegetarian diet.