EDCs occupational exposures | Mother's occupational exposure | Father's occupational exposure | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Study population (n = 45341) (%) | Hypospadias (n = 262) | Cryptorchidism (n = 1002) | Study population (n = 45341) (%) | Hypospadias (n = 262) | Cryptorchidism (n = 1002) | ||||||||||
N (CIP) | HRc | HRa (95% CI) | N (CIP) | HRc | HRa (95% CI) | N (CIP) | HRc | HRa (95% CI) | N (CIP) | HRc | HRa (95% CI) | ||||
EDC exposure | Unlikely | 42474 (93.7) | 876 (2.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 876 (2.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 38726 (85.4) | 209 (0.5) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 799 (2.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Possible | 277 (0.6) | 7 (2.5) | 2.4 | 2.6* (1.8-3.4) | 7 (2.5) | 1.2 | 1.6 (0.4-2.8) | 410 (0.9) | - | - | - | 7 (1.7) | 0.9 | 0.8 (0.4-1.2) | |
Probable | 2590 (5.7) | 46 (1.8) | 1.4 | 1.8* (1.0-2.6) | 46 (1.8) | 0.9 | 0.8 (0.4-1.2) | 6205 (13.7) | 35 (0.6) | 1.0 | 1.3 (0.7-1.9) | 123 (2.0) | 1.0 | 1.0 (0.8-1.4) | |
Pesticides | Unlikely | 45030 (99.3) | 242 (0.5) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 927 (2.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 41922 (92.5) | 227 (0.5) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 867 (2.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Possible | 62 (0.1) | 1 (1.6) | 3.0 | 1.2 (0.2-2.2) | - | - | - | 1943 (4.3) | 9 (0.5) | 1.0 | 0.9 (0.3-1.5) | 40 (2.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 (0.7-1.3) | |
Probable | 249 (0.5) | 1 (0.4) | 0.8 | 1.1 (0.9-1.3) | 2 (0.8) | 0.6 | 0.5 (0.1-0.9) | 1476 (3.3) | 8 (0.5) | 0.9 | 1.6 (0.8-2.4) | 22 (1.5) | 0.7 | 0.5 (0.3-0.7) | |
Organochlorine compounds | Unlikely | 45104 (99.5) | 243 (0.5) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 923 (2.0) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 43507 (96.0) | 236 (0.5) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 889 (2.0) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Possible | 214 (0.5) | 1 (0.5) | 0.9 | 1.6 (0.3-2.9) | 6 (2.8) | 1.2 | 0.7 (0.2-1.2) | 782 (1.7) | 4 (0.5) | 1.0 | 1.2 (0.4-2.0) | 19 (2.4) | 1.2 | 0.9 (0.3-1.5) | |
Probable | 23 (0.1) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1052 (2.3) | 4 (0.4) | 0.7 | 1.1 (0.4-1.8) | 21 (2.0) | 1.0 | 1.0 (0.6-1.4) | |
Phthalate esters | Unlikely | 43900 (96.8) | 227 (0.5) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 899 (2.0) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 41150 (90.8) | 223 (0.5) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 842 (2.0) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Possible | 713 (1.6) | 9 (1.3) | 1.9 | 2.4* (1.0-3.8) | 19 (2.7) | 0.7 | 1.1 (0.5-1.7) | 525 (1.2) | 2 (0.4) | 1.0 | 0.9 (0.2-1.6) | 9 (1.7) | 0.8 | 0.2 (0.1-0.3) | |
Probable | 728 (1.6) | 8 (1.1) | 2.0 | 2.3 (0.9-3.7) | 11 (1.5) | 1.0 | 1.0 (0.4-1.6) | 3666 (8.1) | 19 (0.5) | 0.7 | 1.7 (0.9-2.5) | 78 (2.1) | 1.0 | 1.1 (0.6-1.6) | |
Alkyl phenols | Unlikely | 43732 (96.5) | 228 (0.5) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 899 (2.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 42959 (99.7) | 228 (0.5) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 894 (2.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Possible | 728 (1.6) | 7 (1.0) | 1.8 | 2.3 (0.9-3.7) | 11 (1.5) | 0.7 | 1.3 (0.4-2.2) | 696 (1.5) | 4 (0.6) | 1.1 | - | 12 (1.7) | 0.8 | 1.0 (0.5-1.5) | |
Probable | 881 (1.9) | 9 (1.0) | 2.0 | 2.3 (1.0-3.6) | 19 (2.2) | 1.0 | 1.1 (0.4-1.8) | 1686 (3.7) | 12 (0.7) | 1.4 | 0.7 (0.3-1.1) | 23 (1.4) | 0.7 | 0.6 (0.3-0.9) | |
Bis-phenols | Unlikely | 44371 (97.9) | 237 (0.5) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 912 (2.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 44826 (98.9) | 239 (0.5) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 916 (2.0) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Possible | 147 (0.3) | - | - | - | 4 (2.7) | 1.3 | 1.9 (0.6-3.2) | 297 (0.7) | 4 (1.3) | 2.5 | 1.0 (0.2-1.8) | 4 (1.3) | 0.7 | 1.2 (0.5-1.9) | |
Probable | 823 (1.8) | 7 (0.9) | 1.6 | 0.8 (0.2-1.4) | 13 (1.6) | 0.8 | 1.0 (0.4-1.6) | 218 (0.5) | 1 (0.5) | 0.9 | 1.8 (0.8-2.8) | 9 (4.1) | 2.0* | 1.8 (0.6-3.0) | |
Heavy metals | Unlikely | 44725 (98.6) | 240 (0.5) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 917 (2.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 44115 (97.3) | 235 (0.5) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 904 (2.0) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Possible | 220 (0.5) | 1 (0.5) | 0.8 | 2.2 (0.7-3.7) | 6 (2.7) | 1.4 | 1.0 (0.4-1.6) | 440 (1.0) | 5 (1.1) | 2.2 | 2.2* (1.0-3.4) | 6 (1.4) | 0.7 | 1.2 (0.5-1.9) | |
Probable | 396 (0.9) | 3 (0.8) | 1.4 | 1.2 (0.4-2.0) | 6 (1.5) | 0.7 | 1.0 (0.3-1.7) | 786 (1.7) | 4 (0.5) | 1.0 | 0.7 (0.2-1.2) | 19 (2.4) | 1.2 | 1.9* (1.1-2.7) | |
Other compounds | Unlikely | 44667 (98.5) | 236 (0.5) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 921 (2.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 43828 (96.7) | 236 (0.5) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 907 (2.1) | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Possible | 674 (1.5) | 8 (1.2) | 2.2 | 2.8* (1.3-4.3) | 8 (1.2) | 0.6 | 1.0 (0.3-1.7) | 1513 (3.3) | 8 (0.5) | 1.0 | 1.6 (0.8-2.4) | 22 (1.5) | 0.7 | 0.6 (0.3-0.9) |