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Table 1 Toxin syndromes and symptoms within UK waters

From: Toxic marine microalgae and shellfish poisoning in the British isles: history, review of epidemiology, and future implications

 

Toxin

Causal species

Symptoms

References

PSP

Saxitoxin and gonyautoxin

Alexandrium spp.

Gymnodinium spp.

Pyrodinium spp.

Tingling and numbness

Drowsiness

Incoherence

In high doses - respiratory arrest or cardiovascular shock or death

[1, 11, 26, 52]

DSP

Okadaic acid and Dinophysis toxin (1,2 and3)

Dinophysis spp.

Prorcentrum spp.

Nausea

Vomiting

Diarrhoea

Abdominal cramps

[1, 26, 53, 54]

 

Pectenotoxin

Dinophysis spp.

  
 

Yessotoxin

Gonyaulax spinifera

Lingulodinium polyedrum

Protoceratium reticulatum

In high doses - dehydration and shock

 

AZP

Azaspiracids

Azadinium spinosum

Nausea

Vomiting

Diarrhoea

Abdominal cramps

[22]

ASP

Domonic acid

Pseudo-nitzschia

Nausea

Vomiting

Diarrhoea

Abdominal cramps

Loss of short term memory

[11, 26, 55]