The association between urinary kidney injury molecule 1 and urinary cadmium in elderly during long-term, low-dose cadmium exposure: a pilot study

Table 3 Estimated change (%) in urinary biomarker levels calculated for a two-fold increase in urinary cadmium concentration

	Estimated effect size (%)	95%CI(%)	R²	p-value
Model 1
KIM-1	23.73	6.92 to 43.18	0.05	0.005
Microalbumin	4.40	-13.42 to 25.89	0.001	0.65
Proteins	5.66	-3.52 to 15.71	0.01	0.24
BUN	-5.65	-10.53 to -0.49	0.04	0.03
Model 2
KIM-1	39.54	18.26 to 64.65	0.27	0.0001
Microalbumin	4.85	-14.14 to 28.03	0.27	0.64
Proteins	3.15	-6.26 to 13.52	0.49	0.53
BUN	-4.66	-9.83 to 0.80	0.08	0.10
Model 3
KIM-1	26.59	7.82 to 48.62	0.13	0.005
Microalbumin	-2.80	-20.42 to 18.78	0.09	0.78
Proteins	0.66	-8.65 to 10.92	0.11	0.89
BUN	-3.69	-8.99 to 1.91	0.07	0.19

All data were log-transformed and estimated effect size is given as % estimated effect size calculated for a two-fold increase in urinary cadmium concentrations (μg/g creatinine) with the corresponding 95% confidence interval, R² gives the explained variance.
Abbreviations: KIM-1, kidney injury molecule 1; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CI, confidence interval
Model 1: unadjusted but given as function of creatinine
Model 2: adjusted for creatinine (except for blood urea nitrogen), sex, age, past smoking, body mass index and socio-economic status
Model 3: adjusted for sex, age, past smoking, body mass index and socio-economic status; given as a function of creatinine.

ISSN: 1476-069X