From: Knowns and unknowns on burden of disease due to chemicals: a systematic review
Diseases/disease groups | Examples of exposures | |
---|---|---|
Respiratory infections and chronic respiratory diseases | Occupational exposures to dusts, gases, irritant chemicals, fumes | |
 | Second-hand smoke; occupational exposures to cleaning-agents, pesticides, hairdressing chemicals etc. | |
 | Second-hand smoke | Acute lower respiratory infections [28] |
 | Occupational exposure to asbestos Metal dusts, particulate matter | Asbestosis Bronchitis, pneumoconiosis, silicosis |
Perinatal conditions | Maternal exposure to pesticides or other chemicals | |
Congenital anomalies | Maternal exposure to pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), lead, mercury, other endocrine disruptors | |
Diseases of the blood | Lead, arsine, naphthalene, benzene | Anaemia, methaemoglobinemia |
Cancers | Occupational exposures to carcinogens, aflatoxins in food, second-hand smoke, outdoor air pollution by carbon particles associated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, asbestos, arsenic; volatile organic compounds such as benzene, pesticides, dioxins. etc. | Numerous cancer sites, including of the lung, skin, liver, brain, kidney, prostate, bone marrow, bladder [79–82] |
Neuropsychiatric and developmental disorders | Lead, methylmercury, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), arsenic, toluene etc. | Cognitive development, mental retardation, Parkinson disease, Attention-deficit disorder, Minamata disease [51, 78, 83, 84] |
Sense organ diseases | Carbon disulfide, mercury, lead | Hearing loss |
Cardiovascular diseases | Ultrafine particles in polluted air, lead, arsenic, cadmium, mercury, pollutant gases, solvents, pesticides, second-hand smoke | Ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease [28, 49, 85] |
Diabetes mellitus | Arsenic, N-3-pyridylmethyl-N'-p-nitrophenyl urea (rodenticide), 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. | |
Systemic auto immune diseases | Crystaline silica dust | Systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic small vessel vasculitis [90] |
Endocrine diseases | Ethanol, hexachlorobenzene | Porphyria |
Genito-urinary diseases | Beryllium, cadmium, lead | Calculus of kidney, chronic renal disease |
Digestive diseases | Ethanol, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, manganese | Hepatitis, cholestasis, pancreatitis |
Skin diseases | Antiseptics, aromatic amines, cement, dyes, formaldehyde, artificial fertilizers, cutting oils, fragrances, glues, lanolins, latex, metals, pesticides, potassium dichromate, preservatives | Atopic dermatitis, allergic and irritant contact dermatitis, chloracne, hyperkeratosis [91] |
Musculoskeletal diseases | Cadmium, lead | Osteoporosis, gout |
Oral conditions | Fluoride | Dental fluorosis |
Poisonings | Accidental ingestion of household products, occupational exposures and accidents, intentional self-harm by ingestion of pesticides |