Air pollution and anemia as risk factors for pneumonia in ecuadorian children: a retrospective cohort analysis

Table 2 Demographic, nutritional, and environmental information for children exposed to higher (LP), and lower (JR), air pollution.

	LP	JR
	N = 401	N = 397
	mean (sd)	mean (sd)	P
Demographic characteristics
Age (months)	31.25 (7.51)	31.25 (7.51)	0.94
Males (number, %)	209 (50.6)	224 (54.5)	0.26
Nutritional characteristics
HAZ (height-for-age)	-1.46 (1.00)	-1.28 (0.87)	0.006
Presence of stunting^a	125/397	78/401	< 0.001
WAZ (weight-for-age)	-1.31 (1.09)	-1.12 (0.97)	0.010
MUAC (cm)	15.44 (1.09)	15.43 (1.07)	0.900
Adjusted hemoglobin (g/dL)^b	10.45 (1.39)	10.74 (1.14)	0.002
Presence of anemia^c	253/401	214/397	0.013
Environmental measures
SpO₂ (%)	92.2 (2.60)^d	95.8 (2.20)	< 0.001
Mean household altitude (m)	2979 (72)^e	2852 (47)	< 0.001

P-values represent the significance level of t-test comparisons unless otherwise noted.
^aStunting was defined as a HAZ z-score ≤ -2 (i.e., 2 standard deviations below the mean age- and sex-adjusted height).
^bHemoglobin was adjusted for altitude by subtracting 1.9 g/dL from the measured value [21].
^cAnemia was defined as an adjusted blood hemoglobin < 11.0 g/dL.
^dn = 400 for the high exposure children (LP), and 397 for lower exposure children (JR).
^en = 398 for the high-exposure children (LP), 397 for lower exposure children (JR)

ISSN: 1476-069X