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Table 2 Dose-dependent effect of dairy PM on COX-2, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and SAA1 mRNA expression compared to the dose-dependent effect of LPS.

From: Activation of inflammatory responses in human U937 macrophages by particulate matter collected from dairy farms: an in vitro expression analysis of pro-inflammatory markers

Gene

PM (μg/ml)

LPS (μg/ml)

 

1

5

10

0.1

0.5

1.0

COX-2

10.6 ± 0.2a

15.9 ± 1.4a

43.5 ± 2.4a

14.5 ± 1.3a

48.2 ± 2.4a

82.1 ± 4.1a

TNF-α

8.1 ± 0.3a

19.8 ± 0.6a

42.5 ± 1.2a

9.4 ± 1.4a

16.8 ± 1.4a

42.2 ± 2.6a

IL-6

3.2 ± 0.4a

7.5 ± 0.4a

22.1 ± 0.7a

6.2 ± 0.4a

14.2 ± 1.0a

25.2 ± 1.1a

IL-8

9.3 ± 0.4a

17.4 ± 2.1a

35.6 ± 1.7a

12.8 ± 1.4a

22.5 ± 1.3a

51.6 ± 1.3a

SAA1

1.6 ± 0.4

2.7 ± 0.4a

4.6 ± 0.3a

2.0 ± 0.2a

3.2 ± 0.3a

7.8 ± 1.2a

  1. U937 macrophages were treated with 1.0, 5.0, or 10.0 μg/ml PM C (size cutoff: 2.1 μm) from dairy farm #57 for 6 h. As a positive control, cells were treated with 0.1, 0.5, or 1.0 μg/ml LPS for 6 hours and mRNA was analyzed by real time RT-PCR. Control cells received 1% PBS. Results are normalized to β-actin and given as fold increase of the mRNA levels in treated cells versus controls (= 1). Values are given as mean ± SD of triplicates of three independent experiments
  2. asignificantly increased compared to control cells (p < 0.05)