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Table 3 Prenatal and Early Childhood Exposure to Tetrachloroethylene and the Risk of Mental Illness

From: Occurrence of mental illness following prenatal and early childhood exposure to tetrachloroethylene (PCE)-contaminated drinking water: a retrospective cohort study

Outcome

Exposure Category/Percentile

% Yes

(n/N)

Crude

Risk Ratio

(95% CI)

GEE*

Risk Ratio

(95%CI)

Depression

Any

19.8 (152/769)

1.1 (0.9-1.4)

1.1 (0.9-1.4)

 

> = 67th

19.0 (47/248)

1.1 (0.8-1.5)

1.1 (0.8-1.5)

 

33rd-< 67th

20.8 (55/265)

1.2 (0.9-1.6)

1.2 (0.9-1.6)

 

> 0-< 33rd

19.5 (50/256)

1.1 (0.8-1.5)

1.1 (0.8-1.5)

 

None

17.8 (92/518)

Reference

Reference

Bipolar Disorder

Any

5.5 (36/653)

1.7 (0.9-3.2)

1.8 (0.9-3.5)

 

> = 67th

8.2 (18/219)

2.6 (1.3-5.1)

2.7 (1.3-5.6)

 

33rd-< 67th

3.2 (7/217)

1.0 (0.4-2.5)

1.1 (0.4-2.7)

 

> 0-< 33rd

5.1 (11/217)

1.6 (0.7-3.5)

1.6 (0.7-3.7)

 

None

3.2 (14/440)

Reference

Reference

Post-Traumatic

Any

7.1 (47/664)

1.5 (0.9-2.5)

1.5 (0.9-2.5)

Stress Disorder

> = 67th

8.2 (18/219)

1.7 (1.0-3.2)

1.7 (0.9-3.2)

 

33rd-< 67th

6.7 (15/225)

1.4 (0.7-2.7)

1.4 (0.7-2.7)

 

> 0-< 33rd

6.4 (14/220)

1.4 (0.7-2.6)

1.4 (0.7-2.6)

 

None

4.7 (21/447)

Reference

Reference

Schizophrenia

Any

0.5 (3/620)

2.1 (0.2-20.0)

2.1 (0.2-20.0)

 

> = 67th

0.5 (1/202)

--------

--------

 

33rd-< 67th

0.9 (2/212)

--------

--------

 

> 0-< 33rd

0.0 (0/206)

--------

--------

 

None

0.2 (1/427)

Reference

Reference

  1. *Generalized estimating equations