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Table 2 Health and physical activity predictors of transport CO 2 emissions (n = 3463)

From: Associations of health, physical activity and weight status with motorised travel and transport carbon dioxide emissions: a cross-sectional, observational study

Variable

Level

n†(%)

Median kgCO2/

Linear regression coefficients and 95%CI for total standardised log-transformed CO2 emissions

   

week

Minimally-adjusted

Multivariable model 1

Multivariable model 2

Multivariable model 3

Weight status

Normal

1679 (51%)

16.6

0***

0***

0***

0**

 

Overweight

1140 (35%)

23.4

.22 (.12, .32)

.25 (.16, .34)

.16 (.08, .24)

.14 (.06, .22)

 

Obese

472 (14%)

20.3

.09 (−.05, .23)

.23 (.10, .37)

.16 (.04, .28)

.14 (.02, .25)

General health

Excellent/good

2664 (78%)

20.7

0***

0***

0

0

 

Fair

639 (19%)

13.9

-.24 (-.35, -.12)

-.15 (-.26, -.04)

-.05 (-.15, .04)

-.06 (-.15, .04)

 

Poor

126 (4%)

6.1

-.69 (-.87, -.50)

-.47 (-.67, -.27)

-.16 (-.35, .04)

-.17 (-.36, .01)

Long-term illness

No

2553 (78%)

21.0

0***

0*

0

0

 

Yes

727 (22%)

12.9

-.34 (-.46, -.23)

-.15 (-.26, -.03)

.03 (-.07, .14)

.02 (-.08, .12)

Walking for recreation in past week

None

1394 (40%)

15.3

0***

0**

0***

0***

 

1-149 min

1119 (32%)

21.1

.28 (.18, .38)

.18 (.08, .27)

.16 (.07, .24)

.16 (.08, .24)

 

150-419 min

663 (19%)

20.5

.28 (.17, .40)

.17 (.06, .28)

.19 (.10, .28)

.22 (.12, .31)

 

≥420 min

287 (8%)

21.2

.13 (-.05, .32)

.10 (-.07, .27)

.14 (-.02, .30)

.15 (-.01, .31)

Cycling for recreation in past week

None

3018 (87%)

18.3

0

0**

0*

0

 

1-149 min

287 (8%)

20.1

-.09 (-.27, .09)

-.23 (-.40, -.06)

-.14 (-.30, .01)

.02 (-.14, .18)

 

≥150 min

158 (5%)

21.6

-.24 (-.51, .03)

-.35 (-.61, -.09)

-.22 (-.44, .00)

.06 (-.17, .28)

Other leisure-time MVPA in past week

None

1521 (44%)

13.6

0***

0***

0***

0***

 

1-149 min

781 (23%)

21.6

.35 (.24, .45)

.22 (.12, .32)

.15 (.06, .24)

.16 (.07, .25)

 

150-419 min

806 (23%)

22.4

.46 (.36, .56)

.33 (.23, .43)

.23 (.14, .32)

.23 (.15, .32)

 

≥420 min

355 (10%)

26.7

.34 (.16, .53)

.22 (.05, .39)

.18 (.03, .33)

.17 (.02, .31)

Walking for transport in past week

None

1231 (36%)

24.7

0***

  

0***

 

1-149 min

1245 (36%)

19.7

-.22 (-.32, -.12)

  

-.10 (-.18, -.02)

 

150-419 min

723 (21%)

14.1

-.49 (-.60, -.38)

  

-.22 (-.32, -.12)

 

≥420 min

264 (8%)

10.0

-.70 (-.90, -.50)

  

-.22 (-.40, -.04)

Cycling for transport in past week

None

3042 (88%)

19.9

0***

  

0***

 

1-149 min

253 (7%)

12.7

-.51 (-.69, -.33)

  

-.40 (-.57, -.23)

 

≥150 min

168 (5%)

9.0

-.73 (-.96, -.49)

  

-.59 (-.82, -.36)

  1. *p < 0.05,**p < 0.01,***p < 0.001 for heterogeneity. CI = confidence interval, kgCO 2 = kilograms carbon dioxide, MVPA = moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. †n < 3463 in some variables because of missing data; multiple imputation used to include all participants in regression models. Minimally-adjusted analyses adjust for age and sex, model 1 adjusts for variables in column plus ‘potential confounders’ in Table 1; models 2 and 3 adjust for variables in column plus all variables (‘confounders’ and ‘mediators’) in Table 1.