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Table 4 Unadjusted and Adjusted Risk of Low Birth Weight attributable to Cooking Fuel Use and Garbage Burning at Home

From: Cooking fuel choices and garbage burning practices as determinants of birth weight: a cross-sectional study in Accra, Ghana

Exposure category

All births (N=592)

Term births (N=442)

 

Unadjusted RR (95% CI)

Adjusted RR (95% CI)

Unadjusted RR (95% CI)

Adjusted RR (95% CI)

Charcoal use only (n=282)

1.28 (0.58, 2.84)

1.41 (0.62, 3.23)

1.10 (0.39, 3.12)

1.14 (0.39, 3.35)

Low (n=40)

2.42 (1.14, 5.11)

2.89 (1.34, 6.21)

2.12 (0.78, 5.73)

2.05 (0.76, 5.56)

Moderate (n=106)

2.63 (1.46, 4.73)

2.70 (1.51, 4.84)

1.71 (0.75, 3.91)

1.59 (0.72, 3.53)

High (n=136)

2.29 (1.28, 4.09)

2.41 (1.34, 4.35)

1.88 (0.89, 4.01)

1.79 (0.81, 3.94)

 

Trend p value = 0.003

Trend p value = 0.112

Charcoal use and LPG use

0.97 (0.37, 2.58)

1.09 (0.41, 2.93)

1.07 (0.32, 3.54)

1.05 (0.31, 3.59)

Garbage burning only (n=160)

2.91 (1.12, 7.56)

2.95 (1.10, 7.92)

2.75 (0.84, 8.99)

2.77 (0.81, 9.52)

Low (n=57)

2.30 (0.96, 5.49)

2.50 (1.03, 6.04)

1.53 (0.46, 5.17)

1.56 (0.45, 5.42)

Moderate (n=60)

3.88 (1.82, 8.28)

4.32 (2.03, 9.20)

3.71 (1.41, 9.74)

3.95 (1.50, 10.42)

High (n=43) 

4.06 (1.84, 8.97)

4.59 (2.01, 10.48)

3.61 (1.31, 9.96)

3.59 (1.20, 10.77)

 

Trend p value = 0.000

Trend p value = 0.002

LPG use and garbage burning

2.91 (1.12, 7.56)

2.80 (1.04, 7.54)

2.75 (0.84, 8.99)

2.60 (0.76, 8.88)

Charcoal use and garbage burning

3.72 (1.81, 7.66)

4.16 (2.02, 8.59)

3.03 (1.18, 7.76)

3.06 (1.15, 8.14)

  1. Note. RR Risk ratio, CI Confidence interval.
  2. Trend analysis is for charcoal use only and garbage use only exposure categories.
  3. LPG users (n=161) served as reference category for all exposure categories.
  4. Risk ratios adjusted for age, social class, marital status and gravidity of mothers, and sex of neonate.