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Table 2 Intake of food contaminants in preschool-aged children (mg/kg/day)

From: Cancer and non-cancer health effects from food contaminant exposures for children and adults in California: a risk assessment

Preschool-aged Children (2–4) (n=207)*

Toxin

Descriptive exposure statistics

Benchmarks dosages

N exposed based on dietary data

Mean daily intake (mg/kg bodyweight/ day)†

SD of daily intake (mg/kg bodyweight/ day)

10th percentile of daily intake (mg/kg bodyweight/ day)

median of daily intake (mg/kg bodyweight/day)

90th percentile of daily intake (mg/kg bodyweight/day)

Reference Dosage (RfD) (mg/kg bodyweight/day)

% participants > RfD

Cancer Benchmark (CB) (mg/kg bodyweight/ day)† †

% participants > Cancer Benchmark

Acrylamide

207

1.18E-03

9.48E-04

3.17E-04

9.22E-04

2.51E-03

0.0002

97.10%

-

-

Metals

        

-

 

 Arsenic

207

1.98E-04

2.37E-04

3.84E-05

1.02E-04

4.03E-04

0.0003

18.36%

6.67E-07

100.0%

 Lead‡

207

1.36E-04

6.92E-05

5.90E-05

1.18E-04

2.35E-04

0.000‡

100.00%

-

-

Methylmercury

147

3.17E-05

5.68E-05

1.40E-06

2.53E-05

1.02E-04

0.0001

10.20%

-

-

Current use pesticides

 Chlorpyrifos

207

7.45E-05

6.56E-05

1.60E-05

5.59E-05

1.51E-04

0.003

0.00%

-

-

 Permethrin

207

1.29E-04

1.60E-04

3.06E-06

7.35E-05

3.32E-04

0.05

0.00%

-

-

 Endosulfan

207

4.01E-05

3.31E-05

1.07E-05

3.16E-05

8.95E-05

0.006

0.00%

-

-

Persistent organic pollutants

 Chlordane

207

1.54E-06

8.45E-07

4.84E-07

1.46E-06

2.63E-06

0.0005

0.00%

2.86E-06

6.76%

 Dieldrin

207

4.17E-06

3.03E-06

1.52E-06

3.36E-06

7.82E-06

0.00005

0.00%

6.25E-08

100.00%

 DDE‡

207

3.39E-05

1.78E-05

1.36E-05

3.12E-05

5.51E-05

0.000‡

100.00%

2.94E-06

100.00%

 PCDD/Fs

207

1.01E-09

4.78E-10

4.74E-10

9.34E-10

1.58E-09

2.30E-09

2.42%

1.00E-12

100.00%

  1. † Boldface values represent whole-population average estimated exposures that exceed the non-cancer or cancer benchmarks.
  2. †† Cancer benchmarks equal 10-6 divided by the cancer slope factor and represents the exposure concentration at which lifetime cancer risk is one in one million.
  3. The source is the EPA IRIS except for PCDD/Fs, for which the cancer potency factor for TCDD was used from the EPA dioxin reassessment (2003) [34].
  4. ‡ The EPA has concluded that setting RfDs for lead is inappropriate because effects occur at levels so low as to be essentially without a threshold. The EPA has also not set a reference dosage for DDE thus both are presented as having a RfD of zero.