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Table 6 Regression for factors associated with arsenic concentration (μg/L) in community water systems (CWS), 2005-2007, San Joaquin Valley, CA (n=464)

From: Environmental justice implications of arsenic contamination in California’s San Joaquin Valley: a cross-sectional, cluster-design examining exposure and compliance in community drinking water systems

Variable

Model Aa

Model Ba

Model Cb

Model D (< 200 Conections)

Model E (≥ 200 Connections)

Constant

20.0 (6.7, 33.3)

11.2 (6.1, 16.4)

9.7 (−11.8, 31.3)

18.2 (−11.9, 49.1)

8.7 (−11.7, 49.1)

% People of Color

 

−0.01 (−0.11, 0.08)

−0.02 (−.13, 0.09)

−0.17* (−0.36, 0.02)

.03 (−0.09, 0.15)

% Home ownership

-.14 (−0.34, 0.05)

 

−0.27** (−0.50, -0.05)

−0.43** (−0.84, -0.03)

-.19* (−0.40, 0.02)

Groundwater or combinedc

  

11.4*** (7.5, 15.2)

11.5*** (6.1, 16.9)

8.4*** (4.2, 12.6)

Private non-PUC regulatedd

  

5.6* (−1.0, 12.2)

8.5** (0.73, 16.3)

1.2 (−5.4, 7.9)

Publicd

  

6.9** (0.61, 13.11)

7.5* (−0.76, 15.8)

6.4* (−0.99, 13.8)

< 200 service connections

  

2.6 (−1.2, 6.5)

na

na

2006e

  

2.8** (0.52, 5.1)

4.4** (0.27, 8.4)

1.8 (−.76, 4.3)

2007e

  

1.2 (−0.51, 2.9)

2.4* (−0.11, 4.9)

.52 (−1.8, 2.9)

Summer/fall

  

-.27 (−1.9, 1.4)

.43 (−3.1, 4.0)

-.27 (−2.1, 1.5)

Valley f

  

−1.4 (−6.5, 3.7)

6.4 (−2.3, 14.9)

−4.4 (−10.6, 1.8)

Foothills f

  

6.9* (0.32, 13.5)

12.1*** (3.9, 20.4)

5.1 (−1.0, 11.3)

  1. Regression with robust standard errors, clustered by CWS. Coefficients represent the estimated difference in mean concentration at the system-level associated with a unit change in the covariate (95% CI); na=not applicable, as no CWSs in this model run contains this factor, or all CWSs have this factor.
  2. aUnadjusted models, all CWSs included; bAdjusted model, all CWSs included; c Surface water is referent category; combined refers to combination of groundwater and surface water sources; dPrivately owned PUC-regulated CWS as referent category; e 2005 is referent year; f Mountains is referent category.
  3. * p < .10, ** p < .05, *** p < .01; R2 in Model B = .08; R2 in Model C = .09.