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Table 3 Maternal air pollution exposure during pregnancy according to maternal characteristics

From: Air pollution exposure estimation using dispersion modelling and continuous monitoring data in a prospective birth cohort study in the Netherlands

 

N

PM10 exposure (μg/m3) Mean (SD)

NO2 exposure (μg/m3) Mean (SD)

Maternal characteristics

   

Age

   

< 25 years

1446

30.5 (3.2) *

40.4 (3.8) *

25-30 years (Reference)

2051

30.2 (3.1)

39.8 (4.2)

30-35 years

2998

30.1 (3.2)

39.5 (4.4) *

> 35 years

1395

30.0 (3.2)

39.5 (4.3)

Body mass index

   

< 20 kg/m2

627

30.5 (3.2)

40.3 (4.2)

20-25 kg/m 2 (Reference)

3714

30.3 (3.2)

39.8 (4.2)

25-30 kg/m2

1843

30.3 (3.1)

39.8 (4.1)

> 30 kg/m2

972

30.0 (3.2)

39.6 (4.0)

Missing

734

29.1 (3.1) **

38.6 (4.7) **

Ethnicity

   

Dutch/Caucasian (Reference)

4268

30.1 (3.2)

39.4 (4.5)

Turkish

622

30.1 (3.0)

40.2 (3.5) **

Moroccan

489

30.2 (3.0)

40.1 (3.5) *

Surinamese

619

30.6 (3.2) *

40.2 (4.0) **

Other

1151

30.4 (3.3) *

40.3 (4.1) **

Missing

741

29.8 (3.0)

40.1 (4.0) **

Educational level

   

No education/primary

757

30.3 (3.1)

40.0 (3.6)

Secondary

3102

30.3 (3.2)

39.7 (4.3)

Higher (Reference)

3132

30.1 (3.2)

39.6 (4.4)

Missing

899

29.8 (3.0)

40.1 (4.0) *

Parity

   

Nulliparous (Reference)

4129

30.3 (3.2)

40.0 (4.3)

Multiparous

3528

30.1 (3.1) *

39.5 (4.1) **

Missing

233

29.4 (3.1) **

38.8 (4.5) **

Smoking in pregnancy

   

No (Reference)

4616

30.2 (3.2)

39.7 (4.2)

First trimester only

527

30.5 (3.3)

40.1 (4.6)

Continued

1059

30.5 (3.2)

40.2 (4.2) *

Missing

1688

29.6 (2.9) **

39.5 (4.2)

Alcohol use in pregnancy

   

No (Reference)

3022

30.2 (3.2)

39.8 (4.1)

First trimester only

820

30.2 (3.2)

39.6 (4.4)

Continued

2415

30.4 (3.2) *

39.9 (4.3)

Missing

1633

29.7 (2.9) **

39.5 (4.2)

Noise exposure

   

< 50 dB(A)

2985

29.6 (3.0) **

37.9 (3.3) **

50-65 dB(A) (Reference)

4016

30.2 (3.1)

39.8 (3.6)

> 65 dB(A)

791

32.2 (3.5) **

46.0 (4.3) **

Missing

91

29.8 (3.1)

40.0 (4.0)

Neighbourhood income

   

Low

1141

30.9 (2.9) **

41.0 (3.2) **

Moderate (Reference)

4678

30.0 (3.1)

39.6 (4.2)

High

1945

30.2 (3.2)

39.6 (4.5)

Missing

126

28.4 (3.2) **

35.2 (5.5) **

Season of conception

   

Winter (Reference)

2184

29.9 (3.8)

38.8 (4.5)

Spring

1850

29.7 (2.6)

38.9 (4.1)

Summer

1810

30.5 (2.4) **

41.1 (3.8) **

Fall

2046

30.5 (3.4) **

40.3 (3.9) **

Year of conception

   

2001 (Reference)

345

34.6 (1.3)

39.6 (3.4)

2002

2161

33.1 (1.6) **

41.8 (3.8)

2003

2468

29.5 (3.0) **

39.9 (4.2) **

2004

2460

28.0 (2.0) **

38.2 (3.9) **

2005

456

28.4 (1.2) **

37.4 (4.1) **

  1. ** P < 0.01
  2. * P < 0.05
  3. Values are mean PM10 and NO2 exposure levels for the total pregnancy period. P-values are based on One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's post hoc comparison tests to examine the differences in means compared with the Reference group
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Environmental Health

ISSN: 1476-069X