Table 2 Risk factors for specific birth defects and childhood cancers, Camp Lejeune, 1968–1985
Potential risk factor | Controls* | Neural tube defects | Oral clefts | Cancers** | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
# (%) | # (%) OR (95%CI) | # (%) OR (95%CI) | # (%) OR (95%CI) | ||||
Maternal age | |||||||
<20 | 86 (16.4) | 5 (33.3) | 2.6 (0.9, 7.6) | 4 (16.7) | 1.0 (0.3, 3.1) | 2 (15.4) | 0.9 (0.2, 4.3) |
≥20 | 438 (83.6) | 10 (66.7) | 1.0 (ref.) | 20 (83.3) | 1.0 (ref.) | 11 (84.6) | 1.0 (ref.) |
Maternal education | |||||||
Not a college graduate | 375 (72.1) | 10 (66.7) | 0.8 (0.3, 2.3) | 19 (82.6) | 1.8 (0.6, 5.5) | 12 (92.3) | 4.6 (0.6, 36.0) |
College graduate | 145 (27.9) | 5 (33.3) | 1.0 (ref.) | 4 (17.4) | 1.0 (ref.) | 1 (7.7) | 1.0 (ref.) |
Prenatal Care† | |||||||
“Inadequate” | 44 (9.2) | 1 (6.7) | 0.7 (0.1, 5.5) | 2 (9.1) | 1.0 (0.2, 4.4) | 1 (8.3) | 0.9 (0.1, 7.1) |
“Adequate” | 436 (90.8) | 14 (93.3) | 1.0 (ref.) | 20 (90.9) | 1.0 (ref.) | 11 (91.7) | 1.0 (ref.) |
Prenatal vitamins, 1st trimester | |||||||
No | 64 (14.9) | 2 (13.3) | 0.9 (0.2, 4.0) | 4 (18.2) | 1.3 (0.4, 3.9) | 1 (8.3) | 0.5 (0.1, 4.1) |
Yes | 365 (85.1) | 13 (86.7) | 1.0 (ref.) | 18 (81.8) | 1.0 (ref.) | 11 (91.7) | 1.0 (ref.) |
1st pregnancy | 168 (32.4) | 7 (46.7) | 1.8 (0.7, 5.1) | 12 (52.2) | 2.3 (1.0, 5.3) | 1 (8.3) | 0.2 (0.0, 1.5) |
>1 pregnancy | 351 (67.6) | 8 (53.3) | 1.0 (ref.) | 11 (47.8) | 1.0 (ref.) | 11 (91.7) | 1.0 (ref.) |
Mother worked, 1st trimester | |||||||
Yes | 76 (15.3) | 1 (7.7) | 0.5 (0.1, 3.6) | 5 (25.0) | 1.9 (0.7, 5.2) | 2 (15.4) | 1.0 (0.2, 4.6) |
No | 421 (84.7) | 12 (92.3) | 1.0 (ref.) | 15 (75.0) | 1.0 (ref.) | 11 (84.6) | 1.0 (ref.) |
Smoking, 1st trimester | |||||||
Yes | 130 (29.3) | 1 (6.7) | 0.2 (0.0, 1.3) | 4 (18.2) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.6) | 5 (41.7) | 1.7 (0.5, 5.5) |
No | 314 (70.7) | 14 (93.3) | 1.0 (ref.) | 18 (81.8) | 1.0 (ref.) | 7 (58.3) | 1.0 (ref.) |
Alcohol, 1st trimester | |||||||
Yes | 96 (21.7) | 3 (21.4) | 1.0 (0.3, 3.6) | 7 (31.8) | 1.7 (0.7, 4.3) | 1 (8.3) | 0.3 (0.0, 2.6) |
No | 347 (78.3) | 11 (78.6) | 1.0 (ref.) | 15 (68.2) | 1.0 (ref.) | 11 (91.7) | 1.0 (ref.) |
Fevers, 1st trimester | |||||||
Yes | 45 (10.7) | 1 (6.7) | 0.6 (0.1, 4.6) | 3 (13.6) | 1.3 (0.4, 4.6) | 2 (18.2) | 1.9 (0.4, 8.9) |
No | 376 (89.3) | 14 (93.3) | 1.0 (ref.) | 19 (86.4) | 1.0 (ref.) | 9 (81.8) | 1.0 (ref.) |
Passive smoke, 1st trimester | |||||||
Yes | 203 (45.9) | 5 (33.3) | 0.6 (0.2, 1.8) | 6 (27.3) | 0.4 (0.2, 1.2) | 7 (58.3) | 1.7 (0.5, 5.3) |
No | 239 (54.1) | 10 (66.7) | 1.0 (ref.) | 16 (72.7) | 1.0 (ref.) | 5 (41.7) | 1.0 (ref.) |
Child’s sex | |||||||
Male | 274 (52.1) | 6 (40.0) | 0.6 (0.2, 1.8) | 9 (37.5) | 0.6 (0.2, 1.3) | 8 (61.5) | 1.5 (0.5, 4.6) |
Female | 252 (47.9) | 9 (60.0) | 1.0 (ref.) | 15 (67.5) | 1.0 (ref.) | 5 (38.5) | 1.0 (ref.) |
Child’s race | |||||||
Non-white | 131 (25.0) | 1 (6.7) | 0.2 (0.0,1.6) | 6 (25.0) | 1.0 (0.4, 2.6) | 5 (38.5) | 1.9 (0.6-5.8) |
“White” | 393 (75.0) | 14 (93.3) | 1.0 (ref.) | 18 (75.0) | 1.0 (ref.) | 8 (61.5) | 1.0 (ref.) |
Child’s sibling has birth defect | |||||||
Yes | 45 (11.0) | 2 (14.3) | 1.3 (0.3, 6.2) | 6 (27.3) | 3.0 (1.1, 8.2) | 3 (27.3) | 3.0 (0.8, 11.8) |
No | 364 (89.0) | 12 (85.7) | 1.0 (ref.) | 16 (72.7) | 1.0 (ref.) | 8 (72.7) | 1.0 (ref.) |
Dad smoked † † | |||||||
Yes | 273 (52.6) | 6 (40.0) | 0.6 (0.2, 1.7) | 8 (36.4) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.3) | 9 (69.2) | 2.0 (0.6, 6.7) |
No | 246 (47.4) | 9 (60.0) | 1.0 (ref.) | 14 (63.6) | 1.0 (ref.) | 4 (30.8) | 1.0 (ref.) |
Dad possibly exposed to Agent Orange | |||||||
Yes | 158 (31.2) | 3 (20.0) | 0.6 (0.2, 2.0) | 6 (26.1) | 0.8 (0.3, 2.0) | 5 (38.5) | 1.4 (0.4, 4.3) |
No | 348 (68.8) | 12 (80.0) | 1.0 (ref.) | 17 (73.9) | 1.0 (ref.) | 8 (61.5) | 1.0 (ref.) |
Dad occupationally exposed to solvents § | |||||||
Yes | 167 (32.5) | 6 (40.0) | 1.4 (0.5-3.9) | 6 (26.1) | 0.7 (0.3-1.9) | 4 (30.8) | 0.9 (0.3-3.0) |
No | 347 (67.5) | 9 (60.0) | 1.0 (ref.) | 17 (73.9) | 1.0 (ref.) | 9 (69.2) | 1.0 (ref.) |