Maternal age
| | | | | | | |
<20
|
86 (16.4)
|
5 (33.3)
|
2.6 (0.9, 7.6)
|
4 (16.7)
|
1.0 (0.3, 3.1)
|
2 (15.4)
|
0.9 (0.2, 4.3)
|
≥20
|
438 (83.6)
|
10 (66.7)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
20 (83.3)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
11 (84.6)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
Maternal education
| | | | | | | |
Not a college graduate
|
375 (72.1)
|
10 (66.7)
|
0.8 (0.3, 2.3)
|
19 (82.6)
|
1.8 (0.6, 5.5)
|
12 (92.3)
|
4.6 (0.6, 36.0)
|
College graduate
|
145 (27.9)
|
5 (33.3)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
4 (17.4)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
1 (7.7)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
Prenatal Care†
| | | | | | | |
“Inadequate”
|
44 (9.2)
|
1 (6.7)
|
0.7 (0.1, 5.5)
|
2 (9.1)
|
1.0 (0.2, 4.4)
|
1 (8.3)
|
0.9 (0.1, 7.1)
|
“Adequate”
|
436 (90.8)
|
14 (93.3)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
20 (90.9)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
11 (91.7)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
Prenatal vitamins, 1st trimester
| | | | | | | |
No
|
64 (14.9)
|
2 (13.3)
|
0.9 (0.2, 4.0)
|
4 (18.2)
|
1.3 (0.4, 3.9)
|
1 (8.3)
|
0.5 (0.1, 4.1)
|
Yes
|
365 (85.1)
|
13 (86.7)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
18 (81.8)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
11 (91.7)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
1st pregnancy
|
168 (32.4)
|
7 (46.7)
|
1.8 (0.7, 5.1)
|
12 (52.2)
|
2.3 (1.0, 5.3)
|
1 (8.3)
|
0.2 (0.0, 1.5)
|
>1 pregnancy
|
351 (67.6)
|
8 (53.3)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
11 (47.8)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
11 (91.7)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
Mother worked, 1st trimester
| | | | | | | |
Yes
|
76 (15.3)
|
1 (7.7)
|
0.5 (0.1, 3.6)
|
5 (25.0)
|
1.9 (0.7, 5.2)
|
2 (15.4)
|
1.0 (0.2, 4.6)
|
No
|
421 (84.7)
|
12 (92.3)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
15 (75.0)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
11 (84.6)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
Smoking, 1st trimester
| | | | | | | |
Yes
|
130 (29.3)
|
1 (6.7)
|
0.2 (0.0, 1.3)
|
4 (18.2)
|
0.5 (0.2, 1.6)
|
5 (41.7)
|
1.7 (0.5, 5.5)
|
No
|
314 (70.7)
|
14 (93.3)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
18 (81.8)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
7 (58.3)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
Alcohol, 1st trimester
| | | | | | | |
Yes
|
96 (21.7)
|
3 (21.4)
|
1.0 (0.3, 3.6)
|
7 (31.8)
|
1.7 (0.7, 4.3)
|
1 (8.3)
|
0.3 (0.0, 2.6)
|
No
|
347 (78.3)
|
11 (78.6)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
15 (68.2)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
11 (91.7)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
Fevers, 1st trimester
| | | | | | | |
Yes
|
45 (10.7)
|
1 (6.7)
|
0.6 (0.1, 4.6)
|
3 (13.6)
|
1.3 (0.4, 4.6)
|
2 (18.2)
|
1.9 (0.4, 8.9)
|
No
|
376 (89.3)
|
14 (93.3)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
19 (86.4)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
9 (81.8)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
Passive smoke, 1st trimester
| | | | | | | |
Yes
|
203 (45.9)
|
5 (33.3)
|
0.6 (0.2, 1.8)
|
6 (27.3)
|
0.4 (0.2, 1.2)
|
7 (58.3)
|
1.7 (0.5, 5.3)
|
No
|
239 (54.1)
|
10 (66.7)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
16 (72.7)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
5 (41.7)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
Child’s sex
| | | | | | | |
Male
|
274 (52.1)
|
6 (40.0)
|
0.6 (0.2, 1.8)
|
9 (37.5)
|
0.6 (0.2, 1.3)
|
8 (61.5)
|
1.5 (0.5, 4.6)
|
Female
|
252 (47.9)
|
9 (60.0)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
15 (67.5)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
5 (38.5)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
Child’s race
| | | | | | | |
Non-white
|
131 (25.0)
|
1 (6.7)
|
0.2 (0.0,1.6)
|
6 (25.0)
|
1.0 (0.4, 2.6)
|
5 (38.5)
|
1.9 (0.6-5.8)
|
“White”
|
393 (75.0)
|
14 (93.3)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
18 (75.0)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
8 (61.5)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
Child’s sibling has birth defect
| | | | | | | |
Yes
|
45 (11.0)
|
2 (14.3)
|
1.3 (0.3, 6.2)
|
6 (27.3)
|
3.0 (1.1, 8.2)
|
3 (27.3)
|
3.0 (0.8, 11.8)
|
No
|
364 (89.0)
|
12 (85.7)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
16 (72.7)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
8 (72.7)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
Dad smoked † †
| | | | | | | |
Yes
|
273 (52.6)
|
6 (40.0)
|
0.6 (0.2, 1.7)
|
8 (36.4)
|
0.5 (0.2, 1.3)
|
9 (69.2)
|
2.0 (0.6, 6.7)
|
No
|
246 (47.4)
|
9 (60.0)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
14 (63.6)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
4 (30.8)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
Dad possibly exposed to Agent Orange
| | | | | | | |
Yes
|
158 (31.2)
|
3 (20.0)
|
0.6 (0.2, 2.0)
|
6 (26.1)
|
0.8 (0.3, 2.0)
|
5 (38.5)
|
1.4 (0.4, 4.3)
|
No
|
348 (68.8)
|
12 (80.0)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
17 (73.9)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
8 (61.5)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
Dad occupationally exposed to solvents §
| | | | | | | |
Yes
|
167 (32.5)
|
6 (40.0)
|
1.4 (0.5-3.9)
|
6 (26.1)
|
0.7 (0.3-1.9)
|
4 (30.8)
|
0.9 (0.3-3.0)
|
No
|
347 (67.5)
|
9 (60.0)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
17 (73.9)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|
9 (69.2)
|
1.0 (ref.)
|