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Table 4 Neural tube defects and average VOC exposure*, first trimester, Camp Lejeune, 1968–1985

From: Evaluation of exposure to contaminated drinking water and specific birth defects and childhood cancers at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina: a case–control study

 

Controls

Neural tube defects

Unadjusted

p-value

 

# (%)

# (%) OR (95%CI)

 

PCE

   

Unexposed

330 (62.7)

10 (66.7)

1.0 (ref.)

 

Below MCL (>0- ≤ 5 ppb)

27 (5.1)

3 (20.0)

3.7 (1.0-14.1)

0.06

Above MCL (> 5 ppb)

169 (32.1)

2 (13.3)

0.4 (0.1- 1.8)

0.23

Unexposed

330 (62.7)

10 (66.7)

1.0 (ref.)

 

Exposed

196 (37.2)

5 (33.3)

0.8 (0.3-2.5)

0.76

TCE

   

Unexposed

287 (54.6)

7 (46.7)

1.0 (ref.)

 

Low (>0- ≤ 2 ppb)

114 (21.7)

4 (26.7)

1.4 (0.4-5.0)

0.57

High (> 2 ppb)

125 (23.8)

4 (26.7)

1.3 (0.4-4.6)

0.67

Unexposed

287 (54.6)

7 (46.7)

1.0 (ref.)

 

Below MCL (>0- ≤ 5 ppb)

188 (35.7)

5 (33.3)

1.1 (0.3-3.5)

0.88

Above MCL (>5 ppb)

51 (9.7)

3 (20.0)

2.4 (0.6-9.6)

0.21

Unexposed

287 (54.6)

7 (46.7)

1.0 (ref.)

 

Exposed

239 (45.4)

8 (53.3)

1.4 (0.5-3.8)

0.55

Benzene

   

Unexposed

453 (86.1)

9 (60.0)

1.0 (ref.)

 

Exposed

73 (13.9)

6 (40.0)

4.1 (1.4-12.0)

0.01

Vinyl Chloride

   

Unexposed

329 (62.5)

9 (60.0)

1.0 (ref.)

 

Exposed

197 (37.5)

6 (40.0)

1.1 (0.4-3.2)

0.84

DCE

   

Unexposed

328 (62.4)

9 (60.0)

1.0 (ref.)

 

Exposed

198 (37.6)

6 (40.0)

1.1 (0.4-3.1)

0.85

  1. * when possible, we divided the exposed group by the 50th percentile level among controls (low and high); we excluded categorizations where there were <2 exposed cases in a cell.