Table 5 Oral cleft defects and average VOC exposure*, first trimester, Camp Lejeune, 1968–1985
Controls | Oral clefts Unadjusted | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
# (%) | # (%) OR (95%CI) | |||
PCE | ||||
Unexposed | 304 (57.8) | 17 (70.8) | 1.0 (ref.) | |
Low (>0- < 44 ppb) | 111 (21.1) | 4 (16.7) | 0.6 (0.2-2.0) | 0.43 |
High (≥ 44 ppb) | 111 (21.1) | 3 (12.5) | 0.5 (0.1-1.7) | 0.25 |
Unexposed | 304 (57.8) | 17 (70.8) | 1.0 (ref.) | |
Below MCL (>0- ≤ 5 ppb) | 37 (7.0) | 2 (8.3) | 1.0 (0.2-4.4) | 0.96 |
Above MCL (> 5 ppb) | 185 (35.2) | 5 (20.8) | 0.5 (0.2-1.3) | 0.16 |
Unexposed | 304 (57.8) | 17 (70.8) | 1.0 (ref.) | |
Exposed | 222 (42.2) | 7 (29.2) | 0.6 (0.2-1.4) | 0.21 |
TCE | ||||
Unexposed | 253 (48.1) | 15 (62.5) | 1.0 (ref.) | |
Low (>0- ≤ 2 ppb) | 130 (24.7) | 4 (16.7) | 0.5 (0.2-1.6) | 0.25 |
High (> 2 ppb) | 143 (27.2) | 5 (20.8) | 0.6 (0.2-1.7) | 0.32 |
Unexposed | 253 (48.1) | 15 (62.5) | 1.0 (ref.) | |
Below MCL (>0- ≤ 5 ppb) | 212 (40.3) | 6 (25.0) | 0.5 (0.2-1.3) | 0.13 |
Above MCL (>5 ppb) | 61 (11.6) | 3 (12.5) | 0.8 (0.2-3.0) | 0.77 |
Unexposed | 253 (48.1) | 15 (62.5) | 1.0 (ref.) | |
Exposed | 273 (51.9) | 9 (37.5) | 0.6 (0.2-1.3) | 0.17 |
Benzene | ||||
Unexposed | 432 | 21 (87.5) | 1.0 (ref.) | |
Exposed | 94 | 3 (12.5) | 0.7 (0.2-2.2) | 0.50 |
Vinyl Chloride | ||||
Unexposed | 301 (57.2) | 17 (70.8) | 1.0 (ref.) | |
Low (>0- < 3 ppb) | 141 (26.8) | 4 (16.7) | 0.5 (0.2-1.5) | 0.22 |
High (≥ 3 ppb) | 84 (16.0) | 3 (12.5) | 0.6 (0.2-2.2) | 0.47 |
Unexposed | 301 (57.2) | 17 (70.8) | 1.0 (ref.) | |
Below MCL (>0- ≤ 2 ppb) | 74 (14.1) | 4 (16.7) | 1.0 (0.3-3.0) | 0.94 |
Above MCL (> 2 ppb) | 151 (28.7) | 3 (12.5) | 0.4 (0.1-1.2) | 0.10 |
Unexposed | 301 (57.2) | 17 (70.8) | 1.0 (ref.) | |
Exposed | 225 (42.8) | 7 (29.2) | 0.6 (0.2-1.4) | 0.19 |
DCE | ||||
Unexposed | 300 (57.0) | 17 (70.8) | 1.0 (ref.) | |
Low (>0- < 5 ppb) | 116 (22.1) | 4 (16.7) | 0.6 (0.2-1.8) | 0.38 |
High (≥ 5 ppb) | 110 (20.9) | 3 (12.5) | 0.5 (0.1-1.7) | 0.25 |
Unexposed | 300 (57.0) | 17 (70.8) | 1.0 (ref.) | |
Exposed | 226 (43.0) | 7 (29.2) | 0.5 (0.2-1.3) | 0.19 |