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Table 1 Chemicals demonstrating EJ concern (GMR > 1 at 5% joint significance level)

From: A Method to screen U.S. environmental biomonitoring data for race/ethnicity and income-related disparity

Chemical group (NHANES cycle)a

Chemical name (units, media)

Subgroupb

Subgroup number of observations (ND)c

Subgroup geometric mean (95% CI)d

Reference subgroup number of observations (ND)c,e

Reference subgroup geometric mean (95% CI)d,e

Geometric mean ratio (95% CI)d

Race/Ethnicity

Income

Cotinine (2007–2008)

COTININE (ng/mL, serum)

NHB

Low

787 (43)

1.7 (1.2–2.3)

1,752 (390)

0.14 (0.074–0.25)

12 (6.1–25)

COTININE (ng/mL, serum)

NHW

Low

1,342 (104)

1.3 (0.67–2.4)

1,752 (390)

0.14 (0.074–0.25)

9.4 (6.5–13)

Metals (2007–2008)

ANTIMONY (ug/L, urine)

NHB

High

284 (30)

0.082 (0.076–0.089)

581 (154)

0.052 (0.046–0.059)

1.6 (1.4–1.8)

ANTIMONY (ug/L, urine)

NHB

Low

264 (19)

0.088 (0.078–0.098)

581 (154)

0.052 (0.046–0.059)

1.7 (1.4–2.0)

LEAD (ug/dL, blood)

NHB

Low

872 (0)

1.5 (1.4–1.7)

1,819 (0)

1.2 (1.1–1.3)

1.3 (1.2–1.4)

LEAD (ug/L, urine)

NHB

Low

264 (1)

0.67 (0.62–0.72)

581 (19)

0.43 (0.40–0.47)

1.6 (1.4–1.7)

THALLIUM (ug/L, urine)

NHB

High

284 (1)

0.18 (0.17–0.2)

581 (5)

0.14 (0.13–0.15)

1.3 (1.2–1.4)

Pesticides (2003–2004, 2007–2008)

2,4-DICHLOROPHENOL (ug/L, urine)

NHB

High

258 (10)

1.8 (1.4–2.2)

588 (65)

0.79 (0.69–0.89)

2.3 (1.7–2.9)

2,4-DICHLOROPHENOL (ug/L, urine)

NHB

Low

297 (14)

1.7 (1.4–2.2)

588 (65)

0.79 (0.69–0.89)

2.2 (1.8–2.8)

2,4-DICHLOROPHENOL (ug/g, urine, creatinine-adj.)

NHB

Low

297 (14)

1.4 (1.1–1.7)

588 (65)

0.81 (0.72–0.91)

1.8 (1.4–2.2)

2,5-DICHLOROPHENOL (ug/L, urine)

NHB

High

258 (0)

28 (21–38)

588 (11)

6.0 (4.7–7.6)

4.7 (3.2–7.0)

2,5-DICHLOROPHENOL (ug/g, urine, creatinine-adj.)

NHB

High

258 (0)

21 (15–28)

588 (11)

6.3 (4.9–8.0)

3.3 (2.3–4.8)

2,5-DICHLOROPHENOL (ug/L, urine)

NHB

Low

297 (2)

28 (19–41)

588 (11)

6.0 (4.7–7.6)

4.7 (3.3–6.5)

2,5-DICHLOROPHENOL (ug/g, urine, creatinine-adj.)

NHB

Low

297 (2)

23 (16–33)

588 (11)

6.3 (4.9–8.0)

3.7 (2.6–5.2)

P,P’-DDE (ng/g, serum, lipid-adj.)

MA

High

127 (0)

420 (320–570)

524 (1)

210 (170–250)

2.1 (1.6–2.7)

P,P’-DDE (ng/g, serum)

MA

Low

312 (0)

2.7 (2.2-3.4)

524 (1)

1.3 (1.0-1.6)

2.1 (1.6–2.8)

P,P’-DDE (ng/g, serum, lipid-adj.)

MA

Low

312 (0)

450 (360–560)

524 (1)

210 (170–250)

2.2 (1.7–2.8)

Phenols (2007–2008)

METHYL PARABEN (ng/mL, urine)

NHB

High

258 (0)

170 (150–200)

588 (1)

51 (41–64)

3.3 (2.6–4.2)

METHYL PARABEN (ng/g, urine, creatinine-adj.)

NHB

High

258 (0)

130 (110–150)

588 (1)

54 (42–69)

2.3 (1.7–3.1)

METHYL PARABEN (ng/mL, urine)

NHB

Low

297 (1)

140 (110–180)

588 (1)

51 (41–64)

2.7 (1.9–3.9)

PROPYL PARABEN (ng/mL, urine)

NHB

High

258 (4)

24 (18–31)

588 (44)

6.6 (5.0–8.6)

3.6 (2.6–5.1)

Phthalates (2007–2008)

MONO-ETHYL PHTHALATE (ng/mL, urine)

MA

Low

306 (0)

180 (160–220)

588 (0)

120 (100–140)

1.5 (1.3–1.8)

MONO-ETHYL PHTHALATE (ng/mL, urine)

NHB

High

258 (0)

280 (230–330)

588 (0)

120 (100–140)

2.3 (1.8–2.8)

MONO-ETHYL PHTHALATE (ng/g, urine, creatinine-adj.)

NHB

High

258 (0)

200 (170–250)

588 (0)

130 (110–140)

1.6 (1.3–1.9)

MONO-ETHYL PHTHALATE (ng/mL, urine)

NHB

Low

297 (0)

240 (210–280)

588 (0)

120 (100–140)

2.0 (1.6–2.5)

MONO-ETHYL PHTHALATE (ng/g, urine, creatinine-adj.)

NHB

Low

297 (0)

200 (180–220)

588 (0)

130 (110–140)

1.6 (1.3–1.9)

MONO-ISOBUTYL PHTHALATE (ng/mL, urine)

MA

Low

306 (1)

10 (8.8–12)

588 (20)

6.0 (5.5–6.6)

1.7 (1.4–2.0)

MONO-ISOBUTYL PHTHALATE (ng/g, urine, creatinine-adj.)

MA

Low

306 (1)

10 (8.5–12)

588 (20)

6.3 (5.8–6.8)

1.6 (1.3–1.9)

MONO-ISOBUTYL PHTHALATE (ng/mL, urine)

NHB

Low

297 (1)

11 (10–12)

588 (20)

6.0 (5.5–6.6)

1.9 (1.6–2.1)

MONO-ISOBUTYL PHTHALATE (ng/g, urine, creatinine-adj.)

NHB

Low

297 (1)

9.2 (8.5–9.9)

588 (20)

6.3 (5.8–6.8)

1.5 (1.3–1.6)

 

MONO-N-BUTYL PHTHALATE (ng/mL, urine)

NHB

Low

297 (2)

27 (24–30)

588 (10)

16 (15–19)

1.6 (1.4–2.0)

  1. Notes: (a) Biomarkers were assigned to chemical groups on the basis of chemical consistency and groupings from the NHANES laboratory files. Biomonitoring data for the results in the table come from NHANES 2007–2008 for all chemical groups except pesticides, for which some of the data also come from NHANES 2003–2004. (b) MA – Mexican American, NHB – non-Hispanic black, NHW – non-Hispanic white; Low income corresponds to family PIR < 2, High income corresponds to family PIR ≥ 2 (PIR is the poverty income ratio). (c) The number of observations is unweighted. The number of non-detects (ND) is reported in parentheses. (d) The point estimate, followed by the range estimate in parentheses. The range estimate is a 95% confidence interval unadjusted for multiple comparisons. GM and GMR estimates are rounded to two significant figures. (e) The reference subgroup was non-Hispanic white/High income.
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