From: Blood cadmium is elevated in iron deficient U.S. children: a cross-sectional study
 | N (%) |
---|---|
Gender (F) | 2502 (47.9%) |
Age (years) | Â |
3-5 | 538 (10.3%) |
6-11 | 1429 (27.4%) |
12-15 | 1695 (32.5%) |
16-19 | 1562 (29.9%) |
Race/ethnicity | Â |
Mexican American | 1791 (34.3%) |
Other Hispanic | 243 (4.7%) |
Non-Hispanic Black | 1582 (30.3%) |
Other/Multi Racial | 213 (4.1%) |
Non-Hispanic White | 1395 (26.7%) |
Poverty Index Ratio (PIR) | Â |
<1.00 (below poverty level) | 1739 (33.3%) |
1.00-1.80 (low income) | 1260 (24.1%) |
1.81-3.53 (middle income) | 1220 (23.4%) |
3.54-5.00 (high income) | 1005 (19.2%) |
Serum cotinine (ng/mL) | Â |
>10 (likely smoker) | 428 (8.2%) |
1-10 (high SHS exposure) | 714 (13.7%) |
<1 (no/low SHS exposure) | 4082 (78.1%) |