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Table 3 Associations between urinary cadmium concentration and neurocognitive test performance

From: Associations between cadmium exposure and neurocognitive test scores in a cross-sectional study of US adults

SRTT

SDST

(visual motor speed)

(attention/perception)

   

% change in

  

% change in

   

score with a

  

score with a

   

1 μg/L increase

  

1 μg/L increase

 

N

β Cd a

in Cd b (95%CI)

N

β Cd a

in Cd b (95%CI)

Model 1

4833

0.0161*

1.61* (0.87, 2.35)

4998

0.0934*

9.34* (8.31, 10.37)

Model 2

4209

−0.0034

−0.34 (−1.22, 0.54)

4344

0.0068

0.68 (−0. 28, 1.64)

Model 3

4301

−0.0062

−0.62 (−1.45, 0.21)

4441

0.0095*

0.95* (0.03, 1.87)

SDLT

(learning recall/short-term memory)

SDLT trials-to-criterion

SDLT total-error-score

 

N

OR Cd c

(95%CI)

N

OR Cd c

(95%CI)

Model 1

4826

1.50*

(1.29 - 1.75)

4889

1.48*

(1.28 - 1.71)

Model 2

4202

1.03

(0.87 - 1.22)

4253

0.97

(0.77 - 1.22)

Model 3

4295

0.98

(0.83 - 1.16)

4348

0.97

(0.78 - 1.19)

  1. Model 1. urinary cadmium and an independent term for urinary creatinine.
  2. Model 2. add age, sex, race-ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Mexican American, and other), smoking status (never, former, or current smoker), serum cotinine, blood lead, language exam was given in (Spanish or English), education (in years), and poverty income ratio.
  3. Model 3. same as model 2 but with smoking status and cotinine terms removed.
  4. a β for urinary cadmium (μg/L) with log transformed outcome.
  5. b percent change in test score associated with 1 μg/L increase in urinary cadmium (based on β). Note: higher scores correspond to worse performance.
  6. c OR for having a poor (above median) SDLT score associated with a 1 μg/L increase in urinary cadmium.
  7. * significant at alpha = 0.05.