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Table 1 Means and standard deviations of perception of risks to the natural environment

From: Consumer-perceived risks and choices about pharmaceuticals in the environment: a cross-sectional study

 

All

Gender

Age groups

  

Females

Males

p

20-39

40-60

p

CO2 emissions from industry

7.06 (2.34)

7.44 (2.14)

6.67 (2.46)

<.001*

6.95 (2.28)

7.17 (2.39)

.234

CO2 emissions from automobiles

6.78 (2.33)

7.09 (2.16)

6.46 (2.46)

.001*

6.67 (2.25)

6.89 (2.41)

.224

Garbage and landfills

6.70 (2.27)

7.02 (2.15)

6.37 (2.34)

<.001*

6.61 (2.14)

6.79 (2.39)

.314

The growing size of the human population

6.64 (2.45)

6.64 (2.43)

6.65 (2.47)

.925

6.51 (2.48)

6.78 (2.42)

.172

Large-scale logging and forestry operations

6.36 (2.47)

6.57 (2.38)

6.14 (2.54)

.032

6.19 (2.43)

6.52 (2.50)

.099

Suburban development and sprawl

6.24 (2.26)

6.41 (2.26)

6.06 (2.26)

.055

6.07 (2.24)

6.40 (2.27)

.069

Pharmaceuticals (drugs) used in agriculture

6.15 (2.39)

6.49 (2.35)

5.79 (2.37)

<.001*

5.85 (2.25)

6.44 (2.48)

.002*

Overfishing

6.11 (2.41)

6.00 (2.46)

6.23 (2.37)

.234

5.92 (2.31)

6.30 (2.50)

.051

Illegal hunting and poaching

6.01 (2.56)

6.32 (2.50)

5.70 (2.58)

.002*

5.81 (2.42)

6.21 (2.67)

.050

Coal-fired power plant

6.00 (2.40)

6.00 (2.43)

6.01 (2.36)

.960

5.92 (2.36)

6.08 (2.44)

.398

Invasive species

5.95 (2.39)

6.06 (2.39)

5.84 (2.38)

.259

5.59 (2.34)

6.30 (2.38)

<.001*

Nuclear power

5.89 (2.72)

6.31 (2.65)

5.47 (2.71)

<.001*

5.75 (2.52)

6.03 (2.89)

.186

Oil and gas exploration

5.65 (2.69)

5.90 (2.64)

5.39 (2.72)

.016

5.78 (2.60)

5.52 (2.77)

.229

Genetic engineering

5.53 (2.57)

5.87 (2.56)

5.17 (2.53)

.001*

5.29 (2.46)

5.76 (2.65)

.022

Mining

5.51 (2.28)

5.60 (2.28)

5.41 (2.27)

.286

5.40 (2.21)

5.61 (2.34)

.248

Pharmaceuticals (drugs) used in human medicine

5.34 (2.50)

5.55 (2.44)

5.12 (2.54)

.030

5.00 (2.33)

5.66 (2.61)

.001*

Large-scale farming operations

4.92 (2.30)

4.96 (2.29)

4.88 (2.30)

.658

4.80 (2.12)

5.03 (2.46)

.203

Nanotechnology

4.45 (2.18)

4.67 (2.18)

4.23 (2.15)

.011

4.27 (1.98)

4.63 (2.35)

.038

Hydroelectric dams

4.14 (2.23)

4.31 (2.24)

3.96 (2.22)

.048

3.96 (2.03)

4.31 (2.40)

.052

Wind power (windmills)

2.76 (2.21)

2.73 (2.11)

2.79 (2.31)

.741

2.72 (2.09)

2.80 (2.32)

.650

  1. Note. * Significant at Bonferroni corrected level of significance, 0.0025 (0.05/20). Data are sorted in descending order of mean risk ratings. Standard deviations are given in parentheses.