Table 3 Quantitative evaluation on interspecies differences using human and animal data

Poisonous metal compounds

Toxic doses

Rat

2.5<Toxic dose_Rat/Toxic dose_Human<152

[31]

Geometric mean (GM) = 12

18 chemotherapeutical agents

Lethal Dose (LD)10 and Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD)

Mouse, rat, hamster, dog, monkey

LD10 (mg/m²)/3 carries 5.9% probability of exceeding MTD_Human

[62, 63]

10 pesticides (single dose) and 12 pesticides (repeated doses)

Various toxic doses

Rat, dog, pig, calf, cow, horse, sheep, steer

1.9<Acute non fatal dose_Animal/Acute non fatal dose_Human<100

[31, 64]

GM = 11.

0.58 <Chronic dose_Animal/Chronic dose_Human<9.4

GM = 2.9.

40 anticancer agents

MTD

Dogs, monkeys

MTD/10 carries a clinical risk human toxicity of 3% (3 out of every 100 drugs)

[65]

107 pharmaceuticals (?)

Toxicity indices

4 to 6 laboratory animal species

Extrapolation of doses (mg/kg) from white rats to man exaggerated tolerable dose 5.5- to 40-fold

[66]

25 chemotherapeutic agents

LD10 and MTD

Mouse, rat, hamster, dog, monkey

The predicted MTD_Human is overestimated for 20% of agents using 0.75 power (caloric demand) scaling, less with body surface scaling

[52]

26 pharmaceuticals

Maximum therapeutic equivalent dose and toxicokinetic parameters

Up to 4 laboratory animal species

Scaling according to metabolic rate underestimated risk to man in 59% of cases

[67]

63 anti-neoplastic drugs

LD10, Toxic Dose Low (TDL) and MTD

Rat, mouse, hamster, dog, monkey

LD10 or TDL_Mouse/MTD_human = 8.0 (P95 = 50.9)

[68]

LD10 or TDL_Hamster/MTD_human = 7.6 (P95 = 52.1)

LD10 or TDL_Rat/MTD_human = 2.6 (P95 = 21.7)

LD10 or TDL_Monkey/MTD_human = 2.4 (P95 = 15.3)

LD10 or TDL_Dog/MTD_human = 1.2 (P95 = 7.0)

61 anti-neoplastic drugs

LD10 and MTD

Mouse, rat, dog, monkey

LD10_Mouse /MTD_Human >10 for 37% compounds

[69]

LD10_Rat /MTD_Human >10 for 19% compounds

LD10_Monkey /MTD_Human >10 for 5% compounds

LD10_Dog/MTD_Human >10 for 3% compounds