| | |
SDNN
|
HF
|
LF
|
LF/HF
|
---|
|
n
|
IQR
|
β
|
p-value
|
β
|
p-value
|
β
|
p-value
|
β
|
p-value
|
---|
PM2.5 (μ g/m3)
| | | | | | | | | | |
5-min
|
2982
|
8.43
|
2.30
|
0.01†
|
0.81
|
0.73
|
1.99
|
0.33
|
1.22
|
0.50
|
30-min
|
2826
|
8.62
|
0.09
|
0.92
|
1.71
|
0.48
|
0.46
|
0.82
|
−1.32
|
0.45
|
60-min
|
2645
|
7.28
|
0.43
|
0.61
|
2.12
|
0.34
|
1.76
|
0.36
|
−0.48
|
0.77
|
90-min
|
2459
|
6.56
|
0.33
|
0.70
|
3.58
|
0.12
|
2.14
|
0.26
|
−1.44
|
0.38
|
Ozone (ppm)
| | | | | | | | | | |
5-min
|
3964
|
58.5
|
−0.40
|
0.72
|
−13.17
|
< 0.0001†
|
−9.67
|
0.0001†
|
4.18
|
0.08
|
30-min
|
3706
|
60.2
|
−2.07
|
0.06
|
−10.72
|
0.0001†
|
−7.82
|
0.001†
|
3.28
|
0.15
|
60-min
|
3448
|
62.8
|
−3.75
|
0.002†
|
−13.78
|
< 0.0001†
|
−11.06
|
< 0.0001†
|
3.16
|
0.23
|
90-min
|
3194
|
60.0
|
−6.23
|
< 0.0001†
|
−19.14
|
< 0.0001†
|
−16.86
|
< 0.0001†
|
2.96
|
0.31
|
CO (ppm)
| | | | | | | | | | |
5-min
|
3917
|
5.60
|
−2.15
|
0.0001†
|
1.56
|
0.31
|
−0.82
|
0.52
|
−2.37
|
0.04†
|
30-min
|
3676
|
8.57
|
−3.18
|
0.0006†
|
3.03
|
0.22
|
−1.44
|
0.49
|
−4.36
|
0.02†
|
60-min
|
3424
|
8.88
|
−3.53
|
0.0007†
|
0.23
|
0.93
|
−2.52
|
0.28
|
−2.78
|
0.21
|
90-min
|
3170
|
7.98
|
−3.52
|
0.0003†
|
−2.39
|
0.37
|
−2.35
|
0.31
|
0.07
|
0.98
|
CO2 (ppm)
| | | | | | | | | | |
5-min
|
3933
|
77.8
|
−1.81
|
0.007†
|
1.11
|
0.54
|
−2.35
|
0.13
|
−3.43
|
0.01†
|
30-min
|
3678
|
90.2
|
−2.06
|
0.02†
|
0.34
|
0.89
|
−2.55
|
0.20
|
−2.89
|
0.11
|
60-min
|
3420
|
90.9
|
−3.75
|
0.0001†
|
−2.27
|
0.38
|
−4.72
|
0.03†
|
−2.29
|
0.24
|
90-min
|
3168
|
92.3
|
−4.86
|
< 0.0001†
|
−4.74
|
0.11
|
−7.26
|
0.004†
|
−2.47
|
0.27
|
Formaldehyde (ppb)
| | | | | | | | | | |
5-min
|
1604
|
20.9
|
−0.81
|
0.31
|
1.93
|
0.39
|
−1.74
|
0.38
|
−1.74
|
0.03†
|
30-min
|
1495
|
26.3
|
−1.18
|
0.31
|
−1.52
|
0.63
|
−2.01
|
0.47
|
−0.52
|
0.83
|
60-min
|
1367
|
24.6
|
−2.12
|
0.08
|
−6.29
|
0.04†
|
−5.22
|
0.05†
|
1.00
|
0.69
|
90-min
|
1241
|
28.8
|
−4.22
|
0.006†
|
−10.22
|
0.007†
|
−8.24
|
0.02†
|
2.34
|
0.47
|
NO2 (ppb)
| | | | | | | | | | |
5-min
|
3964
|
95.3
|
−2.85
|
< 0.0001†
|
1.13
|
0.41
|
−2.46
|
0.03†
|
−3.49
|
0.0006†
|
30-min
|
3706
|
111
|
−2.49
|
0.0001†
|
1.17
|
0.52
|
−1.95
|
0.20
|
−3.05
|
0.03†
|
60-min
|
3448
|
136
|
−2.40
|
0.008†
|
0.77
|
0.75
|
−1.96
|
0.34
|
−2.58
|
0.15
|
90-min
|
3194
|
136
|
−2.69
|
0.006†
|
−0.91
|
0.73
|
−1.36
|
0.56
|
−0.24
|
0.90
|
NOx (ppm)
| | | | | | | | | | |
5-min
|
3964
|
121
|
−3.07
|
< 0.0001†
|
−0.83
|
0.46
|
−2.29
|
0.02†
|
−1.48
|
0.09
|
30-min
|
3706
|
172
|
−3.37
|
< 0.0001†
|
−1.44
|
0.43
|
−3.03
|
0.06
|
−1.61
|
0.26
|
60-min
|
3448
|
197
|
−4.02
|
< 0.0001†
|
−2.10
|
0.34
|
−4.03
|
0.04†
|
−1.85
|
0.28
|
90-min
|
3194
|
200
|
−3.61
|
< 0.0001†
|
−3.83
|
0.13
|
−3.34
|
0.14
|
0.58
|
0.78
|
-
β-values are percent change in the outcome per IQR increase in exposure, controlling for sex, age, smoking status, ethnic origin, time of day, and study day. Sample sizes are the total number of repeated observations across all 16 subjects.
-
† Significant with α = 0.05.