Predictors | Level | PM2.5(μg/m3) in kitchen area | PM2.5(μg/m3) living area room | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 474 after exclusion of 54 households as outliers) | (N = 427 after exclusion of 44 households as outliers) | ||||||
†N | Mean (SD) | Median | †N | Mean (SD) | Median | ||
*Cooking fuel | LPG | 103 | 179 (219) | 100 | 91 | 95 (77) | 72 |
Kerosene | 41 | 254 (317) | 100 | 19 | 98 (95) | 61 | |
Dung | 59 | 741 (539) | 621 | 55 | 190 (176) | 115 | |
Wood | 262 | 590 (575) | 386 | 209 | 157 (167) | 87 | |
*Kitchen area location | ODK | 56 | 560 (468) | 473 | 57 | 167 (169) | 91 |
SOK | 213 | 508 (552) | 277 | 210 | 142 (146) | 87 | |
IWPK | 107 | 371 (509) | 177 | 94 | 132 (143) | 79 | |
IWOPK | 92 | 536 (557) | 330 | 16 | 144 (185) | 81 | |
*Ventilation | Poor | 129 | 638 (647) | 376 | 84 | 186 (173) | 113 |
Moderate | 196 | 454 (513) | 259 | 157 | 130 (150) | 73 | |
Good | 144 | 398 (421) | 236 | 137 | 120 (112) | 84 | |
*Region | North | 122 | 512 (549) | 252 | 93 | 138 (155) | 72 |
East | 130 | 531 (529) | 345 | 118 | 144 (142) | 94 | |
West/Central | 138 | 549 (568) | 350 | 86 | 200 (171) | 146 | |
South | 84 | 283 (413) | 128 | 86 | 97 (114) | 51 | |
Heating | No | 349 | 517 (558) | 278 | 288 | 151 (154) | 92 |
Indoor | 91 | 443 (496) | 220 | 67 | 130 (150) | 67 | |
Outdoor | 26 | 256 (304) | 119 | 23 | 90 (81) | 50 | |
Indoor smoking | No | 7 | 500 (643) | 102 | 20 | 94 (94) | 48 |
Yes | 93 | 347 (633) | 103 | 50 | 102 (133) | 50 | |
*Family size | ≤ 4 | 138 | 457 (570) | 242 | 166 | 141 (156) | 75 |
>4 | 295 | 509 (555) | 277 | 203 | 146 (146) | 91 | |
*Cooking hours | ≤ 4 hrs | 278 | 392 (443) | 218 | 228 | 121 (124) | 75 |
> 4 hrs | 185 | 641 (627) | 398 | 143 | 177 (176) | 115 | |
*Numbers of hrs without electricity | ≤ 2.5 hrs | 107 | 488 (584) | 245 | 85 | 153 (163) | 93 |
>2.5 hrs | 111 | 681(620) | 510 | 82 | 206 (189) | 136 | |
Other PM sources | No | 56 | 536 (492) | 332 | 39 | 189 (189) | 128 |
Yes | 162 | 514 (563) | 275 | 110 | 160 (148) | 117 |