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Table 1 24hr- PM 2.5 (μg/m 3 ) concentrations (5 th to 95 th percentile) in relation to household variables in the 4 states

From: State and national household concentrations of PM2.5 from solid cookfuel use: Results from measurements and modeling in India for estimation of the global burden of disease

Predictors

Level

PM2.5(μg/m3) in kitchen area

PM2.5(μg/m3) living area room

(N = 474 after exclusion of 54 households as outliers)

(N = 427 after exclusion of 44 households as outliers)

N

Mean (SD)

Median

N

Mean (SD)

Median

*Cooking fuel

LPG

103

179 (219)

100

91

95 (77)

72

Kerosene

41

254 (317)

100

19

98 (95)

61

Dung

59

741 (539)

621

55

190 (176)

115

Wood

262

590 (575)

386

209

157 (167)

87

*Kitchen area location

ODK

56

560 (468)

473

57

167 (169)

91

SOK

213

508 (552)

277

210

142 (146)

87

IWPK

107

371 (509)

177

94

132 (143)

79

IWOPK

92

536 (557)

330

16

144 (185)

81

*Ventilation

Poor

129

638 (647)

376

84

186 (173)

113

Moderate

196

454 (513)

259

157

130 (150)

73

Good

144

398 (421)

236

137

120 (112)

84

*Region

North

122

512 (549)

252

93

138 (155)

72

East

130

531 (529)

345

118

144 (142)

94

West/Central

138

549 (568)

350

86

200 (171)

146

South

84

283 (413)

128

86

97 (114)

51

Heating

No

349

517 (558)

278

288

151 (154)

92

Indoor

91

443 (496)

220

67

130 (150)

67

Outdoor

26

256 (304)

119

23

90 (81)

50

Indoor smoking

No

7

500 (643)

102

20

94 (94)

48

Yes

93

347 (633)

103

50

102 (133)

50

*Family size

≤ 4

138

457 (570)

242

166

141 (156)

75

>4

295

509 (555)

277

203

146 (146)

91

*Cooking hours

≤ 4 hrs

278

392 (443)

218

228

121 (124)

75

> 4 hrs

185

641 (627)

398

143

177 (176)

115

*Numbers of hrs without electricity

≤ 2.5 hrs

107

488 (584)

245

85

153 (163)

93

>2.5 hrs

111

681(620)

510

82

206 (189)

136

Other PM sources

No

56

536 (492)

332

39

189 (189)

128

Yes

162

514 (563)

275

110

160 (148)

117

  1. †: No of Households;*: Statistically significant in one way ANOVA and therefore included in model; Number of hrs without electricity is used as a proxy for lighting using kerosene; other PM sources include use of incense, mosquito coils and smoking inside the house . Description of kitchen area types may be found in the main text accompanying equation 1. [Number of households recruited = 617; Valid kitchen measurements in N = 528; Valid living room measurements in N = 427; Number of kitchen measurements after exclusion of outliers = 474; Number of living area measurements after exclusion of = 427; Data shown does not include households on which the respective variables were unspecified (cooking fuel = 9, kitchen location =6 , ventilation =5, heating = 8); unknown(indoor smoking = 374) and/or; unavailable(family size = 41, cooking hours = 11, number of hrs without electricity = 256 or presence of other PM sources = 256)].