Table 1 Subjects demographic information and semen parameters and sperm fragmentation (n = 433)

Age (years)

28.4 ± 3.3

Smoking status

  Never smoker

184 (42.5)

  Current smoker

214 (49.4)

  Former smoker

35 (8.1)

Body mass index (kg/m²)

23.3 ± 2.8

Abstinence time (days)

6.0 ± 5.0

  ≤ 3

65 (15.0)

  4-5

234 (54.0)

  6-7

81 (18.7)

  ≥8

53 (12.2)

Semen parameters

Sperm concentration (10⁶/ml)

72.8 ± 54.2

  Subjects < 20 million sperm/ml^a

107 (24.7)

Sperm motility (% motile)

55.3 ± 26.1

  Subjects < 50% motile sperm^a

188 (43.4)

Total sperm count (million)

251.7 ± 225.5

  Subjects < 40 million sperm^a

129 (29.8)

Sperm DNA fragmentation (%)

18.7 ± 11.5

  Subjects > 30% TUNEL

95 (21.9)