Table 1 Characteristics of control mothers by shower length, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, USA, 2000-2007
From: A case–control study of maternal bathing habits and risk for birth defects in offspring
Characteristica | <15 minutes | ≥15 minutes |
|---|---|---|
Race/ethnicity | ||
White | 2,127 (55.2)b | 1,724 (44.8) |
Black | 378 (51.9) | 350 (48.1) |
Hispanic | 495 (31.9) | 1,056 (68.1) |
Other | 215 (44.9) | 264 (55.1) |
Age at delivery | ||
<20 | 190 (29.4) | 457 (70.6) |
20-24 | 604 (38.5) | 966 (61.5) |
25-29 | 891 (48.1) | 960 (51.9) |
30-34 | 971 (59.6) | 658 (40.4) |
35-39 | 488 (61.5) | 306 (38.5) |
≥40 | 85 (59.4) | 58 (40.6) |
Education | ||
<High school | 390 (33.8) | 763 (66.2) |
High school | 620 (39.6) | 947 (60.4) |
≥High school | 2,218 (56.8) | 1,684 (43.2) |
Center | ||
Massachusetts | 438 (58.5) | 311 (41.5) |
New Jersey | 164 (49.9) | 165 (50.2) |
New York | 295 (54.8) | 243 (45.2) |
Utah | 300 (49.3) | 309 (50.7) |
Iowa | 403 (56.4) | 312 (43.6) |
North Carolina | 280 (49.1) | 290 (50.9) |
Arkansas | 448 (51.5) | 422 (48.5) |
California | 262 (33.6) | 519 (66.5) |
Texas | 273 (35.0) | 506 (65.0) |
Atlanta | 366 (52.7) | 328 (47.3) |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||
<18.5 | 135 (40.3) | 200 (59.7) |
18.5-24.9 | 1,763 (51.5) | 1,659 (48.5) |
25.0-29.9 | 728 (48.7) | 767 (51.3) |
≥30.0 | 507 (46.1) | 593 (53.9) |
Folic acid usec | ||
Yes | 1,060 (60.1) | 704 (39.9) |
No | 2,169 (44.5) | 2,701 (55.5) |
Nulliparity | ||
Yes | 1,171 (44.2) | 1,476 (55.8) |
No | 2,058 (51.6) | 1,929 (48.4) |
Smokingd | ||
Yes | 501 (42.4) | 682 (57.7) |
No | 2,728 (50.1) | 2,722 (49.9) |
Season of conception | ||
Summer | 845 (50.2) | 840 (49.9) |
Fall | 800 (46.8) | 909 (53.2) |
Winter | 824 (50.3) | 815 (49.7) |
Spring | 760 (47.5) | 841 (52.5) |
Annual household income | ||
<$10000 | 425 (35.6) | 769 (64.4) |
$10000-20000 | 346 (39.5) | 531 (60.6) |
$20000-30000 | 401 (46.5) | 461 (53.5) |
$30000-40000 | 313 (49.1) | 325 (50.9) |
$40000-50000 | 239 (50.7) | 232 (49.3) |
>$50000 | 1,376 (62.3) | 833 (37.7) |