Table 2 Distribution of demographic and socioeconomic variables in women cooking with wood versus gas ^a

Maternal characteristics

Age^b,*^,**

0.0877

< 20 years

104 (8.3%)

13 (5.1%)

> 20 years

1151 (91.7%)

240 (94.9%)

BMI at delivery^*,**,# (kg/m²)

20.6 ± 2.3

21.3 ± 2.3

<0.0001

Gravidity^*,**,#

2.01 ± 1.3

1.9 ± 1.2

0.1542

Maternal habits

Smoked during pregnancy

2 (0.2%)

0 (0%)

1

Chewed tobacco during pregnancy^*,#

346 (27.6%)

13 (5.1%)

<0.001

Socio-demographics

Cohort

0.6226

Jharkhand

492 (39.2%)

95 (37.6%)

Chhattisgarh

763 (60.8%)

158 (62.4%)

Married

1253 (99.8%)

253 (100.0%)

1.0000

Caste^*,**,#

<0.0001

Historically disadvantaged^c

1092 (87.2%)

142 (56.1%)

General

161 (12.9%)

111 (43.9%)

Time spent cooking daily^*,**,# (hours)

2.85 ± 1.0

2.5 ± 0.9

<0.0001

House has windows^#

818 (65.2%)

226 (89.3%)

<0.0001

Agricultural work^*,**,#

294 (23.4%)

7 (2.8%)

<0.0001

Formal schooling ≤ 5 years^*,**,#

689 (54.9%)

42 (16.6%)

<0.0001

Impermanent/semi-permanent roofing^*,**,#

1209 (96.3%)

101 (39.9%)

<0.0001

Impermanent/semi-permanent flooring^*,**,#

1099 (87.6%)

38 (15.0%)

<0.0001

Impermanent/semi-permanent wall material^*,**,#

1105 (88.0%)

41 (16.2%)

<0.0001

Owns radio^*,**,#

312 (21.9%)

144 (56.9% )

<0.0001

Owns electric fan^*,**,#

394 (31.4%)

228 (90.1%)

<0.0001

Owns room cooler^*,**,#

45 (3.6%)

125 (49.4%)

<0.0001

Owns television^*,#

400 (31.9%)

400 (88.9%)

<0.0001

Owns refridgerator^*,**,#

7 (0.6%)

72 (28.5%)

<0.0001

Owns motorcycle^*,**,#

148 (11.5%)

156 (61.7%)

<0.0001

Owns 4 wheel vehicle^*,**

14 (1.1%)

29 (11.5%)

<0.0001

Antenatal care and complications

Inadequate antenatal visits (<4)^*,**,#

826 (66.4%)

93 (36.8%)

<0.0001

Taking iron^*,**,#

958 (76.4%)

220 (87.0%)

0.0002

Taking folate^*,**,#

906 (72.3%)

21 (83.0%)

0.0004

Antenatal vaginal bleeding

16 (1.3%)

4 (1.6%)

0.6989

Fever in week prior to delivery

92 (7.4%)

17 (6.8%)

0.7336

Delivery characteristics and complications

Male infant

687 (54.7%)

139 (54.9%)

0.9536

Hypertension at delivery^b,*,#

256 (20.4%)

66 (26.1%)

0.044

Hemoglobin at delivery^*,**

10.1 ± 1.8

10.7 ± 1.7

<0.0001

Placental or peripheral parasitemia at delivery^*,**

45 (3.6%)

6 (2.4%)

0.324

Gestational age at delivery

37.0 ± 1.6

37.7 ± 1.5

<0.0001