Accessibility and use of urban green spaces, and cardiovascular health: findings from a Kaunas cohort study

Table 4 Distribution (%) of prevalent health-related variables in urban population aged 45-72 years according to self-reported park use

Risk factors	Self-reported park use		Odds ratio (OR)# of park use	χ²and p value
	Yes	No	OR (95% CI)
	N = 2543	N = 2569	OR (95% CI)
Smoking				14.6, p = 0.001
Regular	17.4	21.0**	0.82 (0.69-0.97)
Ex-smoker	16.7	18.0	0.93 (0.79-1.09)
Never	65.9	61.0***	1 (Reference)
Total cholesterol, mmol/L				0.72, p = 0.698
<5.2	24.7	25.7	1 (Reference)
5.2-6.19	36.4	35.8	1.08 (0.93-1.25)
≥6.2	38.9	38.5	1.06 (0.92-1.22)
BMI, kg/m ²				14.2, p = 0.001
<25.0	23.0	21.0	1 (Reference)
25.0-29.9	40.9	37.7*	0.99 (0.85-1.16)
≥30.0	36.2	41.3***	0.75 (0.64-0.88)
Arterial hypertension, mmHg				0.84, p = 0.360
Yes	64.2	65.5	0.92 (0.81-1.04)
No	35.8	34.5	1 (Reference)
Leisure-time physical activity				21.2, p < 0.001
Active	78.3	72.8	1 (Reference)
Inactive	21.7	27.2***	0.74 (0.64-0.84)
Fasting glucose level, mmol/L				10.9, p = 0.004
<5.55	48.0	44.2**	1 (Reference)
5.55-6.99	44.7	46.5	0.86 (0.76-0.96)
≥7.0	7.3	9.3*	0.67 (0.55-0.83)
Self-rated health				6.63, p = 0.036
Very poor and poor	11.3	13.1*	0.69 (0.56-0.83)
Average	57.9	58.6	0.86 (0.76-0.99)
Very good and good	30.8	28.3*	1 (Reference)
Quality of life				8.82, p = 0.012
Very poor and poor	3.0	4.1*	0.63 (0.46-0.85)
Average	44.7	47.1	0.88 (0.78-0.99)
Very good and good	52.3	48.8*	1 (Reference)
Coronary heart disease				0.05, p = 0.828
No	84.0	83.8	1 (Reference)
Yes	16.0	16.2	0.91 (0.78-1.06)
Stroke				0.18, p = 0.675
No	98.5	98.7	1 (Reference)
Yes	1.5	1.3	1.06 (0.67-1.69)
Diabetes mellitus				4.65, p = 0.031
No	94.3	92.8	1 (Reference)
Yes	5.7	7.2*	0.72 (0.58-0.90)

BMI–body mass index, CI–confidence interval, # adjusted by: age, sex, and education. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, compared to “Yes”.
Arterial hypertension “Yes” = mean systolic blood pressure (BP) of at least 140 mm Hg or mean diastolic BP of at least 90 mm Hg, or both, and/or that respondent had been taking antihypertensive drugs during the last two weeks. Arterial hypertension “No” = systolic BP < 140 and diastolic BP <90 mm Hg.