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Table 5 Adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of distance to green spaces and park use among Kaunas middle-aged and elderly population and the risk of CVD

From: Accessibility and use of urban green spaces, and cardiovascular health: findings from a Kaunas cohort study

Analyzed health-related factors

Risk of total CVD*

Risk of non-fatal CVD*

HR (95% CI)

HR (95% CI)

Men and women

  

Distance to green spaces

  

1st tertile

1 (Reference)

--

2nd tertile

1.20 (0.90-1.61)

--

3rd tertile

1.36 (1.03-1.80)

--

Distance to green spaces and park use

  

1st tertile x user

--

1 (Reference)

1st tertile x non-user

--

1.50 (0.83-2.72)

2nd and 3rd tertile x user

--

1.58 (0.95-2.63)

2nd and 3rd tertile x non-user

--

1.66 (1.01-2.73)

Men

  

Distance to green spaces

  

1st tertile

1 (Reference)

--

2nd tertile

1.38 (0.94-2.03)

--

3rd tertile

1.51 (1.04-2.19)

--.

Distance to green spaces and park use

  

1st tertile x user

--

1 (Reference)

1st tertile x non-user

--

0.96 (0.44-2.12)

2nd and 3rd tertile x user

--

1.47 (0.80-2.70)

2nd and 3rd tertile x non-user

--

1.17 (0.63-2.18)

Women

  

Distance to green spaces

  

1st tertile

1 (Reference)

--

2nd tertile

1.06 (0.67-1.66)

--

3rd tertile

1.22 (0.79-1.89)

--.

Distance to green spaces and park use

  

1st tertile x user

--

1 (Reference)

1st tertile x non-user

--

1.80 (0.71 4.56)

2nd and 3rd tertile x user

--

2.61 (0.97-7.02)

2nd and 3rd tertile x non-user

--k

2.78 (1.16-6.70)

  1. CVD–cardiovascular diseases, CI–confidence interval. n.s.–not significant. -- - not included into the model. * adjusted by: age, sex, education, smoking, arterial hypertension, physical activity, total cholesterol level, fasting glucose level, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, cognitive function, symptoms of depression, self-rated health, and quality of life. Non-fatal CVD–all incident cases of non-fatal acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina pectoris, or stroke. Total CVD–all fatal and non-fatal CVD cases. Distance to green space: the 1st tertile–≤347.8 m (high); the 2nd tertile–347.81–629.6 m (moderate); and the 3rd tertile–≥629.61 m (low).