Table 2 Demographic and household characteristics in study participants living in urban households, and rural households with and without chimneys

Demographics

Age (years)

48

51

43

52

0.03

Sex (% female)

98.1

100

100

94.7

0.33

Cooking history

Years cooking

32

31

29

36

0.17

Years cooking with traditional stove

24

5

28

35

< 0.001

Biomass burn-years^*

116

16

84

226

< 0.001

Stove and fuel use

Hours spent cooking per day

3.9

3.0

2.9

5.5

0.17

Cooking frequency, % who cook every day

96.1%

90.6%

97.1%

100%

0.07

Cooking frequency per day, n (%)

< 0.001

 1

9 (8.7)

6 (18.8)

1 (2.8)

2 (5.6)

 2

69 (66.4)

7 (21.9)

31 (86.1)

31 (86.1)

 3

26 (25.0)

19 (59.4)

3 (8.8)

4 (10.5)

% cooking every meal with a traditional cookstove

55.8

0

79.4

81.6

< 0.001

% using a traditional cookstove (any frequency)

70.2

9.4

100

94.7

< 0.001

Biomass fuel sources (participants could select ≥1), n (%)

 Wood

72 (69.2)

8 (25.0)

31 (91.2)

33 (86.8)

< 0.001

 Dung

75 (72.1)

8 (25.0)

31 (91.2)

36 (94.7)

< 0.001

 Agricultural materials

36 (35.0)

0 (0)

15 (44.1)

21 (56.8)

< 0.001

Improved cookstoves

Has improved cookstoves, n (%)

5 (4.8)

1 (3.1)

3 (8.3)

1 (2.8)

0.62

Uses improved stove regularly

1

0

1

0

Improved cookstove via JUNTOS, n (%)

0 (0)

Smoking history

Current daily smokers, n (%)

1 (0.9%)

1 (2.9%)

0

0

Cumulative pack-years among all participants

0.08

0.22

0

0.02

0.34

Kitchen characteristics

% with kitchen separate from main living area

78.6

29.0

100

100

< 0.001

Volume of kitchen (cubic meters)

24.0

30.5

22.8

19.6

0.06

% with a dirt floor

66.0

12.9

85.3

92.1

< 0.001

% with adobe walls

66.0

9.7

97.1

84.2

< 0.001

Roof material, n (%)

< 0.001

 Concrete

22 (21.4)

21 (67.7)

0 (0.0)

1 (2.6)

 Corrugated iron

44 (42.7)

7 (22.6)

22 (64.7)

15 (39.5)

 Thatch

29 (28.2)

0 (0.0)

11 (32.4)

18 (47.4)

 Other

8 (7.8)

3 (9.7)

1 (2.9)

4 (10.5)