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Table 3 Factors associated with blood manganese concentrations (BMC) by ASD case status and combined samples using General Linear Model (GLM) for all participants (218 children or 109 pairs)

From: Blood manganese concentrations in Jamaican children with and without autism spectrum disorders

Exposure variables

Category

t-test

Univariable analysis GLM

ASD cases

TD Controls

Mean BMC (SD) (μg/L)

P-value

Mean BMC (SD) (μg/L)

P-value

P-value***

Yes*

No**

Yes*

No**

Age of Child

More than 4 years

10.8 (2.8)

11.1 (3.2)

0.64

10.2 (2.4)

12.0 (3.4)

0.01

0.29

Sex of Child

Male

10.8 (2.9)

11.2 (3.1)

0.58

10.4 (2.5)

11.1 (3.4)

0.32

0.29

Place of child’s birth

Kingston parish

11.7 (2.5)

10.7 (2.9)

0.31

10.3 (2.7)

10.8 (2.8)

0.43

0.71

Paternal age (at child’s birth)

More than 35 years

10.8 (2.7)

10.8 (3.10)

0.97

11.0 (3.5)

10.3 (2.4)

0.24

0.02

Maternal age

More than 35 years

11.0 (3.1)

10.9 (2.8)

0.85

9.9 (1.6)

10.6 (2.8)

0.45

0.53

(at child’s birth)

Parental education levels

At least one of the parents had education beyond high school

10.5 (2.8)

11.6 (3.0)

0.06

10.7 (3.0)

10.3 (2.4)

0.38

0.82

(at child’s birth)

Source of drinking water

Piped water

10.8 (2.9)

11.8 (1.5)

0.43

10.6 (2.7)

8.6 (1.6)

0.14

0.33

Source of cooking water

Piped water

10.8 (2.9)

11.8 (1.5)

0.43

10.6 (2.7)

8.6 (1.6)

0.14

0.37

Fruits and vegetables consumption

Root vegetables

A. Yam, sweet potato, or dasheen

10.9 (2.9)

10.9 (3.3)

0.89

10.3 (2.6)

11.1 (3.2)

0.28

0.06

B. Carrot or pumpkin

10.9 (3.0)

10.7 (2.3)

0.81

10.5 (2.7)

10.5 (2.10)

0.99

0.66

Leafy vegetables

A. Lettuce

11.1 (3.0)

10.7 (2.8)

0.49

10.3 (2.3)

10.6 (3.2)

0.67

0.94

B. Callaloo, broccoli, or pakchoi

10.9 (3.0)

10.9 (2.7)

0.91

10.5 (2.7)

10.5 (3.0)

0.96

0.99

C. Cabbage

10.7 (2.7)

11.3 (3.1)

0.26

10.4 (2.7)

11.1 (2.1)

0.49

0.14

Legumes

String beans

11.1 (3.2)

10.8 (2.7)

0.66

10.1 (2.3)

10.7 (2.9)

0.23

0.32

Fruits

Tomatoes

11.1 (2.9)

10.5 (2.8)

0.24

10.4 (2.5)

11.1 (3.4)

0.38

0.82

Ackee

10.8 (2.7)

11.1 (3.1)

0.59

10.5 (2.7)

9.9 (2.1)

0.51

0.89

Avocado

11.1 (2.1)

10.8 (3.1)

0.60

10.5 (2.7)

10.5 (2.6)

0.94

0.80

Green banana

10.8 (3.0)

11.0 (2.6)

0.83

10.5 (2.8)

9.8 (1.8)

0.44

0.31

Fried plantains

11.1 (2.7)

10.4 (3.3)

0.29

10.5 (2.7)

9.8 (2.7)

0.39

0.55

Seafood consumption

High seafood consumption (More than 6 meals per week)

10.9 (2.8)

10.9 (2.9)

0.97

10.8 (2.7)

10.2 (2.7)

0.24

0.63

Ate salt water fish

11.1 (3.0)

10.2 (2.2)

0.17

10.5 (2.7)

10.2 (2.4)

0.75

0.09

Ate fresh water fish (Pond fish, tilapia)

10.9 (2.6)

10.9 (3.1)

0.90

11.0 (2.8)

9.9 (2.5)

0.03

0.54

Ate sardine, mackerel (Canned fish)

10.9 (3.0)

11.0 (2.7)

0.86

10.5 (2.7)

10.5 (2.8)

0.98

0.75

Ate tuna (Canned fish)

11.0 (3.4)

10.8 (2.6)

0.85

10.5 (2.9)

10.5 (2.6)

0.99

0.82

Ate salt fish (Pickled mackerel)

10.8 (3.0)

11.0 (2.6)

0.77

10.7 (2.7)

8.9 (1.8)

0.054

0.94

Ate shellfish (Lobsters, crabs)

11.5 (2.3)

10.8 (2.9)

0.57

10.7 (2.2)

10.5 (2.8)

0.82

0.88

Ate shrimp

11.0 (3.6)

10.9 (2.7)

0.83

11.1 (2.5)

10.3 (2.8)

0.25

0.58

Grain consumption

Rice

10.8 (2.8)

12.8 (5.4)

0.25

10.5 (2.7)

NR

NR

0.27

Fried dumpling

11.0 (2.8)

10.6 (3.2)

0.63

10.5 (2.7)

9.9 (3.0)

0.50

0.30

Boiled dumpling

11.1 (3.0)

10.7 (2.6)

0.61

10.6 (2.7)

7.6 (1.1)

0.12

0.64

White bread

10.8 (2.6)

10.9 (3.2)

0.85

10.6 (2.8)

10.0 (2.5)

0.34

0.93

Whole wheat bread

10.8 (3.0)

11.0 (2.7)

0.80

10.1 (2.5)

11.1 (2.9)

0.09

0.34

Cakes/buns

10.7 (2.8)

11.7 (3.2)

0.21

10.8 (2.7)

9.6 (3.4)

0.65

0.20

Porridge (cornmeal, oatmeal)

10.9 (3.0)

11.0 (2.5)

0.82

10.5 (2.7)

9.5 (0.8)

0.54

0.60

Cereal

10.6 (2.5)

11.8 (3.7)

0.053

10.5 (2.7)

9.5 (3.8)

0.29

0.49

  1. *The “Yes” column includes subjects who met the category specified in front of each exposure variable.
  2. **The “No” column includes subjects who did not meet the category specified in front of each exposure variable.
  3. *** P-value is for testing associations of exposure variables with BMC among all children combined.
  4. NR = Not reported because all children in the TD control group reported eating rice.
  5. Note: All missing data are the same as those reported in the footnote of Table 2.