From: Blood manganese concentrations in Jamaican children with and without autism spectrum disorders
Exposure variables | Category | t-test | Univariable analysis GLM | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ASD cases | TD Controls | ||||||||
Mean BMC (SD) (μg/L) | P-value | Mean BMC (SD) (μg/L) | P-value | P-value*** | |||||
Yes* | No** | Yes* | No** | ||||||
Age of Child | More than 4 years | 10.8 (2.8) | 11.1 (3.2) | 0.64 | 10.2 (2.4) | 12.0 (3.4) | 0.01 | 0.29 | |
Sex of Child | Male | 10.8 (2.9) | 11.2 (3.1) | 0.58 | 10.4 (2.5) | 11.1 (3.4) | 0.32 | 0.29 | |
Place of child’s birth | Kingston parish | 11.7 (2.5) | 10.7 (2.9) | 0.31 | 10.3 (2.7) | 10.8 (2.8) | 0.43 | 0.71 | |
Paternal age (at child’s birth) | More than 35 years | 10.8 (2.7) | 10.8 (3.10) | 0.97 | 11.0 (3.5) | 10.3 (2.4) | 0.24 | 0.02 | |
Maternal age | More than 35 years | 11.0 (3.1) | 10.9 (2.8) | 0.85 | 9.9 (1.6) | 10.6 (2.8) | 0.45 | 0.53 | |
(at child’s birth) | |||||||||
Parental education levels | At least one of the parents had education beyond high school | 10.5 (2.8) | 11.6 (3.0) | 0.06 | 10.7 (3.0) | 10.3 (2.4) | 0.38 | 0.82 | |
(at child’s birth) | |||||||||
Source of drinking water | Piped water | 10.8 (2.9) | 11.8 (1.5) | 0.43 | 10.6 (2.7) | 8.6 (1.6) | 0.14 | 0.33 | |
Source of cooking water | Piped water | 10.8 (2.9) | 11.8 (1.5) | 0.43 | 10.6 (2.7) | 8.6 (1.6) | 0.14 | 0.37 | |
Fruits and vegetables consumption | Root vegetables | A. Yam, sweet potato, or dasheen | 10.9 (2.9) | 10.9 (3.3) | 0.89 | 10.3 (2.6) | 11.1 (3.2) | 0.28 | 0.06 |
B. Carrot or pumpkin | 10.9 (3.0) | 10.7 (2.3) | 0.81 | 10.5 (2.7) | 10.5 (2.10) | 0.99 | 0.66 | ||
Leafy vegetables | A. Lettuce | 11.1 (3.0) | 10.7 (2.8) | 0.49 | 10.3 (2.3) | 10.6 (3.2) | 0.67 | 0.94 | |
B. Callaloo, broccoli, or pakchoi | 10.9 (3.0) | 10.9 (2.7) | 0.91 | 10.5 (2.7) | 10.5 (3.0) | 0.96 | 0.99 | ||
C. Cabbage | 10.7 (2.7) | 11.3 (3.1) | 0.26 | 10.4 (2.7) | 11.1 (2.1) | 0.49 | 0.14 | ||
Legumes | String beans | 11.1 (3.2) | 10.8 (2.7) | 0.66 | 10.1 (2.3) | 10.7 (2.9) | 0.23 | 0.32 | |
Fruits | Tomatoes | 11.1 (2.9) | 10.5 (2.8) | 0.24 | 10.4 (2.5) | 11.1 (3.4) | 0.38 | 0.82 | |
Ackee | 10.8 (2.7) | 11.1 (3.1) | 0.59 | 10.5 (2.7) | 9.9 (2.1) | 0.51 | 0.89 | ||
Avocado | 11.1 (2.1) | 10.8 (3.1) | 0.60 | 10.5 (2.7) | 10.5 (2.6) | 0.94 | 0.80 | ||
Green banana | 10.8 (3.0) | 11.0 (2.6) | 0.83 | 10.5 (2.8) | 9.8 (1.8) | 0.44 | 0.31 | ||
Fried plantains | 11.1 (2.7) | 10.4 (3.3) | 0.29 | 10.5 (2.7) | 9.8 (2.7) | 0.39 | 0.55 | ||
Seafood consumption | High seafood consumption (More than 6 meals per week) | 10.9 (2.8) | 10.9 (2.9) | 0.97 | 10.8 (2.7) | 10.2 (2.7) | 0.24 | 0.63 | |
Ate salt water fish | 11.1 (3.0) | 10.2 (2.2) | 0.17 | 10.5 (2.7) | 10.2 (2.4) | 0.75 | 0.09 | ||
Ate fresh water fish (Pond fish, tilapia) | 10.9 (2.6) | 10.9 (3.1) | 0.90 | 11.0 (2.8) | 9.9 (2.5) | 0.03 | 0.54 | ||
Ate sardine, mackerel (Canned fish) | 10.9 (3.0) | 11.0 (2.7) | 0.86 | 10.5 (2.7) | 10.5 (2.8) | 0.98 | 0.75 | ||
Ate tuna (Canned fish) | 11.0 (3.4) | 10.8 (2.6) | 0.85 | 10.5 (2.9) | 10.5 (2.6) | 0.99 | 0.82 | ||
Ate salt fish (Pickled mackerel) | 10.8 (3.0) | 11.0 (2.6) | 0.77 | 10.7 (2.7) | 8.9 (1.8) | 0.054 | 0.94 | ||
Ate shellfish (Lobsters, crabs) | 11.5 (2.3) | 10.8 (2.9) | 0.57 | 10.7 (2.2) | 10.5 (2.8) | 0.82 | 0.88 | ||
Ate shrimp | 11.0 (3.6) | 10.9 (2.7) | 0.83 | 11.1 (2.5) | 10.3 (2.8) | 0.25 | 0.58 | ||
Grain consumption | Rice | 10.8 (2.8) | 12.8 (5.4) | 0.25 | 10.5 (2.7) | NR✪ | NR✪ | 0.27 | |
Fried dumpling | 11.0 (2.8) | 10.6 (3.2) | 0.63 | 10.5 (2.7) | 9.9 (3.0) | 0.50 | 0.30 | ||
Boiled dumpling | 11.1 (3.0) | 10.7 (2.6) | 0.61 | 10.6 (2.7) | 7.6 (1.1) | 0.12 | 0.64 | ||
White bread | 10.8 (2.6) | 10.9 (3.2) | 0.85 | 10.6 (2.8) | 10.0 (2.5) | 0.34 | 0.93 | ||
Whole wheat bread | 10.8 (3.0) | 11.0 (2.7) | 0.80 | 10.1 (2.5) | 11.1 (2.9) | 0.09 | 0.34 | ||
Cakes/buns | 10.7 (2.8) | 11.7 (3.2) | 0.21 | 10.8 (2.7) | 9.6 (3.4) | 0.65 | 0.20 | ||
Porridge (cornmeal, oatmeal) | 10.9 (3.0) | 11.0 (2.5) | 0.82 | 10.5 (2.7) | 9.5 (0.8) | 0.54 | 0.60 | ||
Cereal | 10.6 (2.5) | 11.8 (3.7) | 0.053 | 10.5 (2.7) | 9.5 (3.8) | 0.29 | 0.49 |