Table 4 Unadjusted associations between metals exposures and cardiometabolic risk factors
Lead (μg/dL) | Cadmium (μg/L) | Arsenic (μg/L) | Mercury (μg/L) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cardiometabolic risk factor | N (%) | GM (95% CI) | p-value | GM (95% CI) | p-value | GM (95% CI) | p-value | GM (95% CI) | p-value |
Overweight, BMI ≥25 | |||||||||
Yes | 74 (49.3) | 1.46 (1.21, 1.77) | 0.53 | 0.03 (0.01, 0.05) | 0.84 | 7.78 (6.80, 8.90) | 0.24 | 0.84 (0.41, 1.73) | 0.98 |
No | 76 (50.7) | 1.64 (1.21, 2.22) | 0.03 (0.01, 0.05) | 8.68 (7.64, 9.87) | 0.85 (0.44, 1.64) | ||||
Obese, BMI ≥30 | |||||||||
Yes | 44 (29.3) | 1.34 (1.04, 1.73) | 0.31 | 0.04 (0.02, 0.09) | 0.18 | 6.77 (5.66, 8.10) | 0.008 | 0.41 (0.16, 1.09) | 0.06 |
No | 106 (70.7) | 1.65 (1.31, 2.08) | 0.02 (0.01, 0.04) | 8.92 (8.03, 9.90) | 1.14 (0.66, 1.97) | ||||
Waist Circumference ≥94 cm (males) or ≥80 cm (females) | |||||||||
Yes | 74 (49.3) | 1.49 (1.21, 1.84) | 0.69 | 0.03 (0.02, 0.07) | 0.31 | 7.35 (6.40, 8.44) | 0.02 | 0.55 (0.26, 1.18) | 0.08 |
No | 76 (50.7) | 1.61 (1.20, 2.15) | 0.02 (0.01, 0.04) | 9.18 (8.15, 10.34) | 1.29 (0.72, 2.32) | ||||
Glucose ≥100 mg/dL (fasting) | |||||||||
Yes | 51 (34.0) | 2.30 (1.78, 2.98) | 0.002 | 0.06 (0.03, 0.14) | 0.009 | 9.70 (8.19, 11.48) | 0.01 | 1.62 (0.70, 3.76) | 0.06 |
No | 99 (66.0) | 1.26 (1.01, 1.59) | 0.02 (0.01, 0.03) | 7.56 (6.79, 8.41) | 0.61 (0.34, 1.08) | ||||
LDL cholesterol ≥2.59 mmol/L | |||||||||
Yes | 101 (67.3) | 1.51 (1.28, 1.77) | 0.66 | 0.03 (0.02, 0.06) | 0.11 | 8.42 (7.56, 9.38) | 0.47 | 1.25 (0.71, 2.21) | 0.02 |
No | 49 (32.7) | 1.64 (1.05, 2.56) | 0.02 (0.01, 0.03) | 7.84 (6.56, 9.36) | 0.38 (0.16, 0.90) | ||||
Triglycerides ≥1.7 mmol/L | |||||||||
Yes | 45 (30.0) | 1.14 (0.90, 1.46) | 0.05 | 0.02 (0.01, 0.04) | 0.37 | 8.43 (7.33, 9.68) | 0.73 | 1.13 (0.59, 2.17) | 0.44 |
No | 105 (70.0) | 1.76 (1.40, 2.23) | 0.03 (0.02, 0.05) | 8.14 (7.23, 9.17) | 0.75 (0.40, 1.41) | ||||
HDL cholesterol <1.03 (males) or <1.29 (females) mmol/L | |||||||||
Yes | 47 (31.3) | 1.69 (1.06, 2.71) | 0.51 | 0.01 (0.01, 0.03) | 0.06 | 8.27 (6.83, 10.00) | 0.94 | 0.39 (0.16, 0.97) | 0.04 |
No | 103 (68.7) | 1.49 (1.27, 1.74) | 0.04 (0.02, 0.06) | 8.21 (7.39, 9.11) | 1.20 (0.69, 2.10) | ||||
Triglyceride/HDL ratio >3.5 (males) or >2.5 (females) | |||||||||
Yes | 55 (36.7) | 1.41 (1.17, 1.71) | 0.44 | 0.04 (0.02, 0.08) | 0.27 | 10.69 (9.55, 11.97) | <0.00001 | 4.49 (2.78, 7.26) | <0.00001 |
No | 95 (63.3) | 1.64 (1.26, 2.13) | 0.02 (0.01, 0.04) | 7.07 (6.26, 7.97) | 0.32 (0.17, 0.61) | ||||
C-reactive protein ≥10 mg/L | |||||||||
Yes | 43 (28.7) | 1.14 (0.93, 1.40) | 0.06 | 0.01 (0.01, 0.03) | 0.03 | 8.79 (7.78, 9.92) | 0.37 | 1.30 (0.66, 2.54) | 0.27 |
No | 107 (71.3) | 1.75 (1.38, 2.21) | 0.04 (0.02, 0.06) | 8.01 (7.10, 9.03) | 0.71 (0.38, 1.32) | ||||
Systolic ≥130 mmHg | |||||||||
Yes | 24 (16.0) | 1.56 (1.24, 1.96) | 0.97 | 0.04 (0.01, 0.16) | 0.40 | 7.08 (5.44, 9.21) | 0.16 | 0.76 (0.22, 2.64) | 0.85 |
No | 126 (84.0) | 1.55 (1.25, 1.91) | 0.02 (0.02, 0.04) | 8.46 (7.67, 9.34) | 0.86 (0.51, 1.46) | ||||
Diastolic ≥85 mmHg | |||||||||
Yes | 23 (15.3) | 1.69 (1.23, 2.32) | 0.68 | 0.03 (0.01, 0.14) | 0.63 | 6.26 (4.80, 8.16) | 0.02 | 0.49 (0.14, 1.77) | 0.35 |
No | 127 (84.7) | 1.53 (1.24, 1.87) | 0.03 (0.02, 0.04) | 8.64 (7.85, 9.52) | 0.93 (0.55, 1.57) |