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Table 5 Adjusted* associations between metals (dichotomized at median) and cardiometabolic risk factors

From: Distribution of metals exposure and associations with cardiometabolic risk factors in the “Modeling the Epidemiologic Transition Study”

  

Lead (>1.66 μg/dL)

Cadmium (>0.008 μg/L)

Arsenic (>8.48 μg/L)

Mercury (>1.49 μg/L)

  

Core model

Fully-adjusted

Core model

Fully-adjusted

Core model

Fully-adjusted

Core model

Fully-adjusted

Cardiometabolic risk factor

N (%)

OR (95% CI)*

OR (95% CI)**

OR (95% CI)*

OR (95% CI)**

OR (95% CI)*

OR (95% CI)**

OR (95% CI)*

OR (95% CI)**

Overweight, BMI ≥25

74 (49.3)

0.51 (0.24, 1.08)

0.60 (0.27, 1.36)

0.84 (0.43, 1.64)

0.71 (0.33, 1.52)

0.27 (0.10, 0.77)

0.27 (0.09, 0.81)

1.68 (0.61, 4.63)

1.73 (0.61, 4.91)

Obese, BMI ≥30

44 (29.3)

1.06 (0.45, 2.51)

1.54 (0.58, 4.11)

1.81 (0.83, 3.94)

1.89 (0.78, 4.61)

0.76 (0.24, 2.38)

0.86 (0.24, 3.07)

1.98 (0.61, 6.40)

1.98 (0.58, 6.74)

Waist Circumference ≥94 (males), ≥80 (females) cm

74 (49.3)

0.87 (0.37, 2.09)

1.40 (0.51, 3.83)

1.61 (0.72, 3.62)

2.00 (0.76, 5.27)

0.47 (0.15, 1.50)

0.54 (0.15, 1.95)

1.51 (0.46, 4.99)

1.47 (0.43, 5.00)

Glucose ≥100 mg/dL (fasting)

51 (34.0)

3.25 (1.48, 7.12)

3.95 (1.63, 9.58)

2.08 (1.03, 4.21)

1.69 (0.77, 3.68)

2.97 (1.03, 8.57)

4.10 (1.15, 14.59)

1.96 (0.68, 5.67)

1.96 (0.64, 5.98)

LDL cholesterol ≥2.59 mmol/L

101 (67.3)

0.64 (0.29, 1.39)

0.68 (0.29, 1.60)

1.38 (0.67, 2.82)

0.86 (0.37, 1.97)

0.46 (0.16, 1.36)

0.39 (0.12, 1.28)

2.09 (0.73, 5.99)

1.76 (0.59, 5.18)

Triglycerides ≥1.7 mmol/L

45 (30.0)

0.12 (0.05, 0.31)

0.09 (0.03, 0.25)

0.40 (0.18, 0.86)

0.39 (0.16, 0.95)

0.57 (0.20, 1.63)

0.52 (0.17, 1.61)

1.34 (0.45, 4.02)

1.17 (0.36, 3.77)

HDL cholesterol <1.03 (males), <1.29 (females) mmol/L

47 (31.3)

2.36 (1.00, 5.58)

1.93 (0.74, 5.02)

0.62 (0.30, 1.31)

0.64 (0.28, 1.50)

7.15 (1.99, 25.70)

5.85 (1.48, 23.07)

0.45 (0.14, 1.43)

0.51 (0.16, 1.65)

Triglyceride/HDL ratio >3.5 (males), >2.5 (females)

55 (36.7)

0.14 (0.05, 0.44)

0.14 (0.04, 0.48)

0.43 (0.16, 1.15)

0.53 (0.18, 1.55)

0.49 (0.16, 1.52)

0.56 (0.16, 1.94)

1.28 (0.39, 4.25)

1.15 (0.31, 4.32)

C-reactive protein ≥10 mg/L

43 (28.7)

0.15 (0.06, 0.39)

0.13 (0.04, 0.36)

0.20 (0.08, 0.49)

0.28 (0.10, 0.75)

0.38 (0.13, 1.12)

0.45 (0.14, 1.44)

1.21 (0.39, 3.74)

1.14 (0.33, 3.98)

Systolic ≥130 mmHg

24 (16.0)

1.50 (0.56, 4.03)

1.69 (0.55, 5.15)

1.12 (0.546 2.76)

0.85 (0.30, 2.38)

0.36 (0.09, 1.39)

0.38 (0.08, 1.81)

2.21 (0.54, 9.04)

2.73 (0.56, 13.18)

Diastolic ≥85 mmHg

23 (15.3)

2.07 (0.69, 6.22)

2.20 (0.59, 8.16)

0.76 (0.29, 2.00)

0.46 (0.15, 1.41)

0.21 (0.05, 0.97)

0.16 (0.03, 0.90)

2.24 (0.47, 10.71)

3.50 (0.59, 20.68)

  1. *Adjusted for age, sex, site location.
  2. **Adjusted for age, sex, site location, marital status, education, paid employment, smoking, alcohol use, and fish intake.
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Environmental Health

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