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Table 6 Adjusted* associations between metals (dichotomized at median) and cardiometabolic risk factors, controlling for percent body fat (%BF)

From: Distribution of metals exposure and associations with cardiometabolic risk factors in the “Modeling the Epidemiologic Transition Study”

  

Lead (>1.66 μg/dL)

Cadmium (>0.008 μg/L)

Arsenic (>8.48 μg/L)

Mercury (>1.49 μg/L)

  

Core model plus %BF

Fully-adjusted plus %BF

Core model plus %BF

Fully-adjusted plus %BF

Core model plus %BF

Fully-adjusted plus %BF

Core model plus %BF

Fully-adjusted plus %BF

Cardiometabolic risk factor

N (%)

OR (95% CI)*

OR (95% CI)**

OR (95% CI)*

OR (95% CI)**

OR (95% CI)*

OR (95% CI)**

OR (95% CI)*

OR (95% CI)**

Overweight, BMI ≥25

74 (49.3)

0.90 (0.34, 2.40)

0.88 (0.31, 2.51)

0.55 (0.23, 1.33)

0.44 (0.17, 1.15)

0.48 (0.12, 1.87)

0.36 (0.08, 1.61)

3.35 (0.82, 13.67)

3.24 (0.80, 13.12)

Obese, BMI ≥30

44 (29.3)

2.33 (0.73, 7.43)

2.70 (0.75, 9.75)

2.04 (0.78, 5.33)

1.99 (0.64, 6.12)

1.68 (0.37, 7.72)

1.43 (0.28, 7.23)

3.37 (0.67, 16.86)

4.18 (0.82, 21.31)

Waist Circumference ≥94 cm (males) or ≥80 cm (females)

74 (49.3)

2.23 (0.68, 7.24)

4.53 (1.06, 19.48)

1.09 (0.40, 2.95)

1.40 (0.45, 4.42)

1.19 (0.25, 5.60)

2.39 (0.38, 15.11)

2.91 (0.55, 15.40)

2.76 (0.52, 14.76)

Glucose ≥100 mg/dL (fasting)

51 (34.0)

4.82 (2.01, 11.53)

4.99 (1.97, 12.69)

2.01 (0.98, 4.13)

1.60 (0.72, 3.56)

4.81 (1.48, 15.58)

5.62 (1.49, 21.19)

2.12 (0.71, 6.33)

2.10 (0.66, 6.64)

LDL cholesterol ≥2.59 mmol/L

101 (67.3)

0.78 (0.35, 1.76)

0.77 (0.32, 1.86)

1.25 (0.60, 2.62)

0.75 (0.32, 1.76)

0.64 (0.21, 1.94)

0.50 (0.15, 1.71)

2.15 (0.73, 6.33)

1.78 (0.58, 5.51)

Triglycerides ≥1.7 mmol/L

45 (30.0)

0.12 (0.05, 0.32)

0.09 (0.03, 0.26)

0.38 (0.17, 0.83)

0.36 (0.15, 0.90)

0.63 (0.22, 1.84)

0.58 (0.18, 1.84)

1.37 (0.45, 4.14)

1.22 (0.38, 3.93)

HDL cholesterol <1.03 (males) or <1.29 (females) mmol/L

47 (31.3)

2.64 (1.08, 6.50)

2.10 (0.79, 5.61)

0.60 (0.29, 1.2)

0.61 (0.26, 1.44)

9.81 (2.41, 39.88)

8.02 (1.84, 35.01)

0.44 (0.14, 1.41)

0.50 (0.15, 1.63)

Triglyceride/HDL ratio >3.5 (males) or >2.5 (females)

55 (36.7)

0.14 (0.04, 0.43)

0.15 (0.04, 0.51)

0.42 (0.16, 1.13)

0.53 (0.18, 1.53)

0.51 (0.6, 1.62)

0.61 (0.17, 2.15)

1.31 (0.39, 4.36)

1.19 (0.32, 4.49)

C-reactive protein ≥10 mg/L

43 (28.7)

0.15 (0.06, 0.39)

0.13 (0.05, 0.38)

0.19 (0.08, 0.47)

0.27 (0.10, 0.73)

0.38 (0.12, 1.17)

0.50 (0.16, 1.62)

1.22 (0.39, 3.79)

1.14 (0.33, 3.96)

Systolic ≥130 mmHg

24 (16.0)

1.67 (0.60, 4.64)

1.77 (0.57, 5.45)

1.10 (0.45, 2.70)

0.80 (0.28, 2.28)

0.38 (0.10, 1.48)

0.38 (0.08, 1.82)

2.27 (0.55, 9.38)

2.79 (0.57, 13.68)

Diastolic ≥85 mmHg

23 (15.3)

2.35 (0.75, 7.37)

2.37 (0.62, 9.07)

0.74 (0.28, 1.96)

0.39 (0.12, 1.26)

0.22 (0.05, 1.00)

0.15 (0.03, 0.91)

2.30 (0.47, 11.15)

4.22 (0.67, 26.39)

  1. *Adjusted for age, sex, site location, and percent body fat (%BF).
  2. **Adjusted for age, sex, site location, marital status, education, paid employment, smoking, alcohol use, fish intake, and percent body fat (%BF).
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Environmental Health

ISSN: 1476-069X