Table 2 Respiratory symptoms* in Nepalese adult men and women according to household fuel type

mMRC scale ≥ Grade 2

48

12.0 (8.9, 15.1)

9

2.5 (1.0, 4.1)

<0.001

86

17.8 (14.1, 21.5)

30

7.6 (5.1, 10.1)

<0.001

Wheeze

  Ever

91

23.5 (19.5, 27.4)

32

8.7 (5.6, 11.7)

<0.001

152

32.0 (28.0, 36.0)

41

10.3 (7.4, 13.2)

<0.001

  On most days/nights

71

18.2 (14.5, 21.9)

22

6.0 (3.4, 8.6)

<0.001

122

25.7 (21.8, 29.6)

30

7.5 (5.0, 9.9)

<0.001

Chronic cough

19

4.7 (2.7, 6.7)

19

5.3 (3.0, 7.6)

0.719

22

4.4 (2.5, 6.3)

16

4.2 (2.3, 6.0)

0.864

Chronic phlegm

12

3.0 (1.4, 4.7)

48

12.9 (9.6, 16.3)

<0.001

19

4.0 (2.0, 6.0)

24

5.8 (3.6, 8.0)

0.223

Chronic cough and phlegm

9

2.2 (0.8, 3.7)

13

3.6 (1.6, 5.6)

0.292

13

2.6 (1.2, 4.1)

9

2.3 (0.9, 3.7)

0.753

Non-smokers only

210

247

299

385

mMRC scale ≥ Grade 2

16

8.6 (4.7, 12.5)

3

1.1 (−0.1, 2.3)

<0.001

37

13.8 (9.8, 17.9)

20

4.7 (2.7, 6.8)

<0.001

Wheeze

  Ever

31

15.3 (10.1, 20.4)

16

6.3 (3.3, 9.3)

0.004

66

23.8 (19.1, 28.6)

27

6.5 (4.1, 9.0)

<0.001

  On most days/nights

22

10.9 (6.4, 15.4)

11

4.3 (1.8, 6.8)

0.014

58

20.9 (16.4, 25.5)

22

5.3 (3.2, 7.5)

<0.001

Chronic cough

8

4.3 (1.5, 7.2)

7

2.6 (0.7, 4.4)

0.305

6

2.3 (0.3, 4.4)

9

2.1 (0.8, 3.4)

0.867

Chronic phlegm

5

2.7 (0.4, 5.0)

18

6.7 (3.7, 9.7)

0.041

6

2.0 (0.4, 3.6)

19

4.9 (2.7, 7.2)

0.041

Chronic cough and phlegm

5

2.8 (0.4, 5.2)

3

1.1 (−0.2, 2.4)

0.241

4

1.5 (0.0, 2.9)

6

1.5 (0.3, 2.6)

0.989