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Table 3 Maternal residential proximity to air emissions of chlorinated solvents and isolated oral cleft defects, Texas, 1996-2008

From: Maternal residential proximity to chlorinated solvent emissions and birth defects in offspring: a case–control study

Type of chlorinated solvent

Exposure risk value >0 a

Controls

Any oral cleft defect

Adjusted odds ratiob(95% CI)

Cleft palate alone

Adjusted odds ratiob(95% CI)

Cleft lip with or without cleft palate

Adjusted odds ratiob(95% CI)

n

%

n

%

n

%

n

%

Any type

63599

26.2

1036

26.8

0.99

(0.91, 1.07)

308

26.5

0.95

(0.82, 1.10)

729

27.0

1.00

(0.91, 1.10)

Carbon tetrachloride

4568

1.9

91

2.4

1.10

(0.88, 1.37)

32

2.8

1.25

(0.86, 1.80)

59

2.2

1.03

(0.79, 1.36)

Chloroform

3985

1.6

79

2.0

1.05

(0.83, 1.33)

25

2.1

1.03

(0.68, 1.56)

54

2.0

1.06

(0.80, 1.40)

1,1-dichloroethane

1847

0.8

33

0.9

1.00

(0.70, 1.42)

13

1.1

1.24

(0.71, 2.16)

20

0.7

0.89

(0.57, 1.40)

1,2-dichloroethane

6637

2.7

119

3.1

0.99

(0.81, 1.20)

45

4.1

1.10

(0.79, 1.54)

78

2.9

0.94

(0.74, 1.20)

1,2-dichloroethylene

2026

0.8

38

1.0

1.04

(0.75, 1.44)

14

1.2

1.19

(0.69, 2.04)

24

0.9

0.97

(0.64, 1.47)

Ethyl chloride

5271

2.2

107

2.8

1.10

(0.90, 1.34)

34

2.9

1.09

(0.77, 1.56)

73

2.7

1.11

(0.87, 1.41)

Methyl chloroform

5294

2.2

105

2.7

1.06

(0.87, 1.30)

30

2.6

0.99

(0.68, 1.45)

75

2.8

1.09

(0.86, 1.39)

Methylene chloride

38448

15.9

672

17.4

1.06

(0.97, 1.16)

193

16.6

0.99

(0.84, 1.17)

480

17.8

1.09

(0.98, 1.21)

Perchloroethylene

29854

12.3

462

12.0

0.98

(0.88, 1.08)

127

10.9

0.88

(0.72, 1.07)

335

12.4

1.02

(0.90, 1.15)

Propylene dichloride

1518

0.6

29

0.8

1.07

(0.74, 1.56)

15

1.3

1.77

(1.05, 2.99)

14

0.5

0.75

(0.44, 1.28)

Tetrachloroethane

1955

0.8

36

0.9

1.05

(0.75, 1.48)

17

1.5

1.61

(0.98, 2.64)

19

0.7

0.81

(0.51, 1.28)

1,1,2-trichloroethane

2561

1.1

54

1.4

1.16

(0.87, 1.53)

22

1.9

1.51

(0.97, 2.34)

32

1.2

1.00

(0.70, 1.43)

Trichloroethylene

28547

11.8

483

12.5

1.02

(0.92, 1.13)

144

12.4

1.00

(0.83, 1.21)

339

12.5

1.02

(0.90, 1.16)

1,2,3-trichloropropane

2847

1.2

61

1.6

1.16

(0.89, 1.51)

24

2.1

1.48

(0.97, 2.25)

37

1.4

1.03

(0.73, 1.44)

  1. aExposure risk value based on residential proximity to source(s) of air emissions and estimated pounds of chemical emitted annually.
  2. bAdjusted for birth year and maternal age, education, race/ethnicity, and public health region of residence (referent group: exposure risk value = 0).
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Environmental Health

ISSN: 1476-069X