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Table 4 Maternal residential proximity to air emissions of chlorinated solvents and congenital heart defects, Texas, 1996-2008

From: Maternal residential proximity to chlorinated solvent emissions and birth defects in offspring: a case–control study

Type of chlorinated solvent

Exposure risk value >0 a

Controls

Conotruncal heart defects

Adjusted odds ratiob(95% CI)

Obstructive heart defects

Adjusted odds ratiob(95% CI)

Septal heart defects

Adjusted odds ratiob(95% CI)

n

%

n

%

n

%

n

%

Any type

63599

26.2

941

28.5

1.05

(0.96, 1.14)

912

26.9

1.02

(0.93, 1.11)

11325

26.4

1.06

(1.04, 1.09)

Carbon tetrachloride

4568

1.9

76

2.3

1.09

(0.86, 1.39)

82

2.4

1.16

(0.92, 1.46)

867

2.0

1.13

(1.04, 1.22)

Chloroform

3985

1.6

60

1.8

0.97

(0.74, 1.27)

70

2.1

1.13

(0.88, 1.45)

739

1.7

1.10

(1.01, 1.19)

1,1-dichloroethane

1847

0.8

30

0.9

1.10

(0.76, 1.59)

34

1.0

1.17

(0.83, 1.66)

387

0.9

1.23

(1.10, 1.37)

1,2-dichloroethane

6637

2.7

102

3.1

1.00

(0.81, 1.24)

106

3.1

1.03

(0.83, 1.26)

1184

2.8

1.06

(0.99, 1.13)

1,2-dichloroethylene

2026

0.8

34

1.0

1.13

(0.80, 1.60)

38

1.1

1.20

(0.86, 1.66)

409

1.0

1.19

(1.06, 1.32)

Ethyl chloride

5271

2.2

82

2.5

1.02

(0.81, 1.28)

98

2.9

1.23

(0.99, 1.51)

1002

2.3

1.13

(1.05, 1.21)

Methyl chloroform

5294

2.2

78

2.4

0.97

(0.77, 1.23)

93

2.7

1.14

(0.92, 1.41)

865

2.0

1.01

(0.94, 1.09)

Methylene chloride

38448

15.9

583

17.6

1.04

(0.95, 1.15)

556

16.4

1.02

(0.92, 1.12)

6266

14.6

0.95

(0.92, 0.98)

Perchloroethylene

29854

12.3

426

12.9

1.03

(0.92, 1.15)

413

12.2

1.01

(0.90, 1.12)

5308

12.4

1.02

(0.99, 1.06)

Propylene dichloride

1518

0.6

19

0.6

0.82

(0.52, 1.29)

33

1.0

1.39

(0.98, 1.99)

316

0.7

1.21

(1.07, 1.38)

Tetrachloroethane

1955

0.8

27

0.8

0.93

(0.63, 1.37)

33

1.0

1.09

(0.77, 1.56)

387

0.9

1.14

(1.02, 1.28)

1,1,2-trichloroethane

2561

1.1

40

1.2

1.03

(0.75, 1.42)

48

1.4

1.19

(0.88, 1.59)

487

1.1

1.12

(1.01, 1.24)

Trichloroethylene

28547

11.8

409

12.4

0.98

(0.87, 1.10)

412

12.1

1.03

(0.92, 1.15)

5074

11.8

1.06

(1.02, 1.10)

1,2,3-trichloropropane

2847

1.2

44

1.3

1.01

(0.74, 1.37)

48

1.4

1.06

(0.79, 1.42)

542

1.3

1.13

(1.02, 1.24)

  1. aExposure risk value based on residential proximity to source(s) of air emissions and estimated pounds of chemical emitted annually.
  2. bAdjusted for birth year and maternal age, education, race/ethnicity, and public health region of residence (referent group: exposure risk value = 0).
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Environmental Health

ISSN: 1476-069X