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Table 6 Intensity of maternal residential exposure index for selected chlorinated solvents and spina bifida in offspring

From: Maternal residential proximity to chlorinated solvent emissions and birth defects in offspring: a case–control study

Type of chlorinated solvent

Intensity of exposure risk valuea

Spina bifida cases

Controls

Adjusted odds ratiob

95% confidence interval

p- value for trend

n

%

n

%

Carbon tetrachloride

0.00

1269

96.6

237857

98.1

1.00

Referent

0.059

0.01-189.30

18

1.4

1531

0.6

2.08

1.29, 3.37

189.31-2342.12

14

1.1

1531

0.6

1.53

0.89, 2.64

>2342.12

12

0.9

1506

0.6

1.19

0.66, 2.14

Chloroform

0.00

1276

97.2

238440

98.4

1.00

Referent

0.027

0.01-42.27

14

1.1

1331

0.5

1.74

1.02, 2.99

42.28-1490.26

9

0.7

1331

0.5

1.23

0.63, 2.40

>1490.26

14

1.1

1323

0.5

1.66

0.94, 2.91

1,1-dichloroethane

0.00

1294

98.6

240578

99.2

1.00

Referent

0.046

0.01-0.53

8

0.6

618

0.3

2.18

1.07, 4.43

0.54-6.59

4

0.3

613

0.3

0.94

0.35, 2.53

>6.59

7

0.5

616

0.3

2.14

1.00, 4.57

1,2-dichloroethane

0.00

1248

95.0

235788

97.3

1.00

Referent

< 0.0001

0.01-5.85

17

1.3

2197

0.9

1.24

0.76, 2.05

5.86-221.92

24

1.8

2215

0.9

1.83

1.20, 2.78

>221.92

24

1.8

2225

0.9

1.85

1.21, 2.84

1,2-dichloroethylene

0.00

1293

98.5

240399

99.2

1.00

Referent

0.065

0.01-0.48

6

0.5

676

0.3

1.51

0.67, 3.41

0.49-7.59

8

0.6

677

0.3

1.79

0.88, 3.63

>7.59

6

0.5

673

0.3

1.49

0.66, 3.36

Ethyl chloride

0.00

1263

96.2

237154

97.8

1.00

Referent

0.003

0.01-12.11

17

1.3

1761

0.7

1.71

1.04, 2.81

12.12-98.74

12

0.9

1764

0.7

1.17

0.65, 2.08

>98.74

21

1.6

1746

0.7

1.87

1.19, 2.92

Methyl chloroform

0.00

1256

95.7

237131

97.8

1.00

Referent

0.002

0.01-5.02

21

1.6

1751

0.7

1.67

1.07, 2.61

5.03-198.09

12

0.9

1778

0.7

1.08

0.60, 1.92

>198.09

24

1.8

1765

0.7

1.90

1.23, 2.94

Tetrachloroethane

0.00

1293

98.5

240470

99.2

1.00

Referent

0.033

0.01-0.18

7

0.5

653

0.3

1.88

0.88, 4.01

0.19-1.69

7

0.5

653

0.3

1.83

0.86, 3.92

>1.69

6

0.5

649

0.3

1.62

0.72, 3.66

1,1,2-trichloroethane

0.00

1283

97.7

239864

98.9

1.00

Referent

0.026

0.01-0.45

15

1.1

853

0.4

3.01

1.77, 5.10

0.46-1.78

8

0.6

855

0.4

1.46

0.72, 2.96

>1.78

7

0.5

853

0.4

1.40

0.66, 2.98

1,2,3-trichloropropane

0.00

1282

97.6

239578

98.8

1.00

Referent

< 0.0001

 

0.01-16.45

8

0.6

950

0.4

1.31

0.65, 2.68

 
 

16.46-132.51

8

0.6

947

0.4

1.42

0.70, 2.88

 
 

>132.51

15

1.1

950

0.4

2.62

1.55, 4.46

 
  1. aExposure risk value based on maternal residential proximity to source(s) of air emissions and estimated pounds of chemical emitted annually.
  2. bAdjusted for birth year and maternal race/ethnicity, age, education, and public health region.