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Table 7 Intensity of maternal residential exposure index for selected chlorinated solvents and isolated cleft palate in offspring

From: Maternal residential proximity to chlorinated solvent emissions and birth defects in offspring: a case–control study

Type of chlorinated solvent

Intensity of exposure risk valuea

Cleft palate cases

Controls

Adjusted odds ratiob

95% confidence interval

p- value for trend

n

%

n

%

Propylene dichloride

0.00

1148

98.7

240907

99.4

1.00

Referent

0.031

0.01-0.02

5

0.4

508

0.2

1.95

0.80, 4.76

0.03-17.70

3

0.3

506

0.2

1.03

0.33, 3.25

>17.70

7

0.6

504

0.2

2.32

1.09, 4.95

Tetrachloroethane

0.00

1146

98.5

240470

99.2

1.00

Referent

0.010

0.01-0.18

3

0.3

653

0.3

0.90

0.29, 2.82

0.19-1.69

4

0.3

653

0.3

1.14

0.42, 3.08

>1.69

10

0.9

649

0.3

2.66

1.40, 5.04

1,1,2-trichloroethane

0.00

1141

98.1

239864

98.9

1.00

Referent

0.059

0.01-0.45

8

0.7

853

0.4

1.66

0.82, 3.37

0.46-1.78

4

0.3

855

0.4

0.84

0.31, 2.27

>1.78

10

0.9

853

0.4

1.99

1.05, 3.76

1,2,3-trichloropropane

0.00

1139

97.9

239578

98.8

1.00

Referent

0.083

 

0.01-16.45

10

0.9

950

0.4

1.77

0.94, 3.37

 
 

16.46-132.51

4

0.3

947

0.4

0.74

0.28, 2.00

 
 

>132.51

10

0.9

950

0.4

1.91

1.01, 3.63

 
  1. aExposure risk value based on maternal residential proximity to source(s) of air emissions and estimated pounds of chemical emitted annually.
  2. bAdjusted for birth year and maternal race/ethnicity, age, education, and public health region.