Maternal residential proximity to chlorinated solvent emissions and birth defects in offspring: a case–control study

Brender, Jean D; Shinde, Mayura U; Zhan, F Benjamin; Gong, Xi; Langlois, Peter H

doi:10.1186/1476-069X-13-96

Environmental Health

Table 8 Intensity of maternal residential exposure index for selected chlorinated solvents and septal heart defects in offspring

From: Maternal residential proximity to chlorinated solvent emissions and birth defects in offspring: a case–control study

Type of chlorinated solvent	Intensity of exposure risk value^a	Septal heart defect cases		Controls		Adjusted odds ratio^b	95% confidence interval	p- value for trend
Type of chlorinated solvent	Intensity of exposure risk value^a	n	%	n	%	Adjusted odds ratio^b	95% confidence interval	p- value for trend
Any type	0.00	31536	73.6	178826	73.8	1.00	Referent	0.035
	0.01-296.24	4196	9.8	21301	8.8	1.14	1.10, 1.18
	296.25-3457.84	3542	8.3	21191	8.7	1.00	0.96, 1.04
	>3457.84	3587	8.4	21107	8.7	1.03	0.99, 1.08
Carbon tetrachloride	0.00	41994	98.0	237857	98.1	1.00	Referent	< 0.0001
	0.01-189.30	271	0.6	1531	0.6	1.03	0.90, 1.18
	189.31-2342.12	301	0.7	1531	0.6	1.14	1.01, 1.30
	>2342.12	295	0.7	1506	0.6	1.21	1.07, 1.38
1,1-dichloroethane	0.00	42474	99.1	240578	99.2	1.00	Referent	0.003
	0.01-0.53	139	0.3	618	0.3	1.32	1.09, 1.59
	0.54-6.59	121	0.3	613	0.3	1.18	0.97, 1.44
	>6.59	127	0.3	616	0.3	1.18	0.97, 1.43
1,2-dichloroethane	0.00	41677	97.2	235788	97.3	1.00	Referent	0.007
	0.01-5.85	350	0.8	2197	0.9	0.96	0.86, 1.08
	5.86-221.92	384	0.9	2215	0.9	1.03	0.92, 1.15
	>221.92	450	1.0	2225	0.9	1.19	1.07, 1.32
1,2-dichloroethylene	0.00	42452	99.0	240399	99.2	1.00	Referent	0.079
	0.01-0.48	165	0.4	676	0.3	1.42	1.20, 1.69
	0.49-7.59	127	0.3	677	0.3	1.11	0.92, 1.35
	>7.59	117	0.3	673	0.3	1.02	0.84, 1.24
Ethyl chloride	0.00	41859	97.7	237154	97.8	1.00	Referent	0.004
	0.01-12.11	335	0.8	1761	0.7	1.11	0.98, 1.25
	12.12-98.74	360	0.8	1764	0.7	1.19	1.06, 1.34
	>98.74	307	0.7	1746	0.7	1.08	0.95, 1.22
Perchloroethylene	0.00	37553	87.6	212571	87.7	1.00	Referent	0.045
	0.01-41.59	2131	5.0	9990	4.1	1.19	1.13, 1.25
	41.60-221.22	1605	3.7	9959	4.1	0.94	0.89, 0.99
	>221.22	1572	3.7	9905	4.1	0.92	0.87, 0.97
Propylene dichloride	0.00	42545	99.3	240907	99.4	1.00	Referent	0.143
	0.01-0.02	135	0.3	508	0.2	1.55	1.28, 1.88
	0.03-17.70	101	0.2	506	0.2	1.15	0.93, 1.43
	>17.70	80	0.2	504	0.2	0.94	0.74, 1.19
Tetrachloroethane	0.00	42474	99.1	240470	99.2	1.00	Referent	0.113
	0.01-0.18	149	0.3	653	0.3	1.32	1.10, 1.58
	0.19-1.69	114	0.3	653	0.3	1.00	0.82, 1.23
	>1.69	124	0.3	649	0.3	1.11	0.91, 1.24
1,1,2-trichloroethane	0.00	42374	98.9	239864	98.9	1.00	Referent	0.031
	0.01-0.45	148	0.3	853	0.4	1.04	0.87, 1.24
	0.46-1.78	181	0.4	855	0.4	1.25	1.06, 1.47
	>1.78	158	0.4	853	0.4	1.08	0.91, 1.28
Trichloroethylene	0.00	37787	88.2	213878	88.2	1.00	Referent	0.002
	0.01-56.69	1718	4.0	9539	3.9	1.07	1.01, 1.13
	56.70-284.39	1611	3.8	9485	3.9	1.02	0.96, 1.08
	>284.39	1745	4.1	9523	3.9	1.09	1.03, 1.15
1,2,3-trichloropropane	0.00	42319	98.7	239578	98.8	1.00	Referent	0.033
	0.01-16.45	168	0.4	950	0.4	1.05	0.89, 1.24
	16.46-132.51	210	0.5	947	0.4	1.31	1.12, 1.52
	>132.51	164	0.4	950	0.4	1.02	0.86, 1.21

^aExposure risk value based on maternal residential proximity to source(s) of air emissions and estimated pounds of chemical emitted annually.
^bAdjusted for birth year and maternal race/ethnicity, age, education, and public health region.

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ISSN: 1476-069X

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