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Table 3 Associations between select food items consumed in the past 48-hr and urinary concentrations of pesticide biomarkers

From: Urinary biomarkers of exposure to insecticides, herbicides, and one insect repellent among pregnant women in Puerto Rico

Variable

DCBAa

DHMB

3-PBA

trans-DCCA

2,4-D

 

N

β (95% CI)b

N (≥LOD)

OR (95% CI)c

N (≥LOD)

OR (95% CI)c

N (≥LOD)

OR (95% CI)c

N (≥LOD)

OR (95% CI)c

Apples

          

Yes

27

0.1 (-0.5, 0.6)

28 (8)

1.4 (0.6, 3.3)

26 (11)

0.9 (0.4, 2.0)

28 (2)

1.2 (0.3, 5.5)

28 (3)

0.9 (0.3, 2.7)

No

113

 

114 (25)

1.0

106 (49)

1.0

114 (7)

1.0

114 (13)

1.0

Cherries

          

Yes

8

0.3 (-0.6, 1.2)

9 (2)

0.9 (0.2, 4.3)

8 (1)

0.2 (0.0, 1.5)

9 (1)

2.0 (0.2, 19.2)

9 (1)

1.0 (0.1, 7.0)

No

132

 

133 (31)

1.0

124 (59)

1.0

133 (8)

1.0

133 (15)

1.0

Collards

          

Yes

5

-0.2 (-1.4, 0.9)

5 (1)

0.8 (0.1, 7.9)

5 (3)

1.8 (0.2, 14.5)

5 (0)

—

5 (2)

5.9 (1.3, 26.7)*

No

135

 

137 (32)

1.0

127 (57)

1.0

137 (9)

1.0

137 (14)

1.0

Grapes

          

Yes

48

-0.1 (-0.5, 0.4)

49 (9)

0.6 (0.3, 1.6)

45 (16)

0.5 (0.2, 1.2)

49 (2)

0.5 (0.1, 2.5)

49 (6)

1.2 (0.3, 3.8)

No

92

 

93 (24)

1.0

87 (44)

1.0

93 (7)

1.0

93 (10)

1.0

Grape juice

         

Yes

55

-0.4 (-0.8, 0.1)

55 (9)

0.5 (0.2, 1.2)

49 (20)

0.7 (0.4, 1.4)

55 (4)

1.3 (0.3, 5.5)

55 (6)

0.9 (0.4, 2.3)

No

85

 

87 (24)

1.0

83 (40)

1.0

87 (5)

1.0

87 (10)

1.0

Peanuts

          

Yes

21

-0.4 (-0.9, 0.1)

22 (3)

0.5 (0.1, 2.3)

20 (7)

0.6 (0.2, 1.6)

22 (2)

1.6 (0.3, 9.4)

22 (2)

0.8 (0.2, 2.9)

No

119

 

120 (30)

1.0

112 (53)

1.0

120 (7)

1.0

120 (14)

1.0

Peanut butter

         

Yes

14

-0.4 (-1.1, 0.3)

14 (4)

1.4 (0.5, 3.9)

13 (6)

1.0 (0.3, 3.3)

14 (2)

2.9 (0.6, 15.1)

14 (1)

0.6 (0.1, 5.1)

No

126

 

128 (29)

1.0

119 (54)

1.0

128 (7)

1.0

128 (15)

1.0

Raisins

          

Yes

15

-0.4 (-1.1, 0.3)

16 (2)

0.4 (0.1, 2.0)

15 (6)

0.8 (0.4, 1.6)

16 (1)

1.0 (0.1, 8.8)

16 (1)

0.5 (0.1, 4.4)

No

125

 

126 (31)

1.0

117 (54)

1.0

126 (8)

1.0

126 (15)

1.0

Spinach

          

Yes

6

-0.6 (-1.6, 0.3)

6 (0)

—

6 (3)

1.2 (0.2, 8.1)

6 (1)

3.2 (0.3, 33.2)

6 (2)

4.4 (1.1, 17.9)*

No

134

 

136 (33)

1.0

126 (57)

1.0

136 (8)

1.0

136 (14)

1.0

Strawberries

         

Yes

33

-0.1 (-0.6, 0.4)

34 (8)

1.0 (0.4, 2.5)

34 (12)

0.6 (0.3, 1.3)

34 (3)

1.6 (0.5, 5.7)

34 (3)

0.7 (0.2, 2.8)

No

107

 

108 (25)

1.0

98 (48)

1.0

108 (6)

1.0

108 (13)

1.0

Tomatoes

         

Yes

59

0.1 (-0.3, 0.5)

60 (13)

0.9 (0.4, 1.8)

56 (25)

0.9 (0.5, 1.9)

60 (6)

2.9 (0.7, 13.2)

60 (5)

0.6 (0.2, 1.8)

No

81

 

82 (20)

1.0

76 (35)

1.0

82 (3)

1.0

82 (11)

1.0

  1. Abbreviations: β beta coefficient, CI confidence interval, LOD limit of detection, OR odds ratio.
  2. aBiomarker concentration was sg-corrected and log-transformed; bβ and associated 95% CI calculated using a linear mixed model with a random subject effect and a fixed effect for food consumed in the past 48-hr; cOR and 95% CI calculated using a generalized estimating equation with a fixed effect for food consumed in the past 48-hr; *p <0.05.
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Environmental Health

ISSN: 1476-069X