Table 4 The effects associated with NMDR relationships
Organs and biological functions involved | Observed effect (with number of associated NMDR relationships)a | Substances involved | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
In vitrostudies | In vivostudies | |||
Hypothalamus | Dopaminergic transmission (2) | Aromatase activity in preoptic area (1) | E2, octylphenol, diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP) | |
Pituitary gland | Cell proliferation (1) GABAergic transmission (2) Calcium channel activity (2) Luteinizing hormone (LH) release (1) Prolactin release (12) Protein kinase modification (11) | Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) plasma level (1) LH plasma level (1) | E2, phytoestrogens, BPA, alkylphenols, DES, organochlorines | |
Male reproductive system | Testes | Cell proliferation (1) Spermatid DNA breaks (1) | Weight (2) Testosterone hydroxylase activity (4) | E2, BPA, ethinyl estradiol |
Epididymis, | Weight (2) | E2, BPA | ||
seminal vesicle, | Weight (1) | BPA | ||
preputial glands, | Weight (1) | BPA | ||
prostate | Cell proliferation (1) | Weight (5) | E2, BPA, DES, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), alkylphenols | |
Female reproductive system | Ovary | Progesterone secretion (1) Testosterone secretion (1) Estradiol secretion (1) | Transcriptional activity (1) | PCBs, BPA |
Uterus | Percentage of epithelial cells ERα + (1) Progesterone receptor expression (1) | BPA | ||
Breast | Modification of mammary epithelium and terminal end buds (15) | E2, BPA, DES | ||
Brain | L-prostaglandin synthase activity (2) Calcium channel activity (2) | E2, pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) | ||
Cardiovascular system | Heart | Myocyte contractility (3) | E2, BPA | |
aortic smooth muscle | Cell proliferation (1) Intracellular pH (1) Modification of protein kinase (2) | E2, BPA | ||
Adrenal glands | Corticosterone plasma level (1) | PCBs | ||
Liver | Nuclear receptors expression (5) Transcriptional factors expression (4) | BPA | ||
Perinatal development | Age of puberty (1) Number of newborns (2) Weight of newborns (4) Anogenital distance (3) Sex-ratio (2) Newborn viability (3) Femur length (1) Growth (1) | BPA, DEHP, DES, ethinyl estradiol, alkylphenols, methoxychlor, organochlorines | ||
Behavior | Immobility period (1) Spatial memory (2) Temporal memory (2) Nocturnal activity (1) Territorial urine-marking (1) Sexual behavior (5) | E2, 17α-estradiol, BPA, DES | ||
Metabolism | Lipids | Adiponectin release (2) Adiponectin expression (1) | Triglycerides levels (1) Lipogenesis gene expression (10) Cholesterol metabolism gene expression (4) | BPA |
Glucose | Glucose metabolism gene expression (2) Insulin levels (1) | BPA | ||
Immunity | Mast cells degranulation (4) | Rate of degranulated eosinophils and last cells (1) Macrophagic activity (1) Severity of allergic skin lesions (1) | E2, organochlorines, alkylphenols, DEHP | |
Cancer | Tumor multiplicity (1) Tumor volume (1) Latency period for first tumor (1) Percentage of lung metastases (1) | BPA | ||